Vadim Birstein - The Perversion of Knowledge

293. Albats, Yevgenia, The State Within a State (New York: Farrar, 1994), p. 195.

294. Popov, F., Arzamas-16: Sem’ let s Andreem Sakharovym. Vospominaniya kontrrazvedchika [Arzamas-16: Seven Years with Academician Sakharov. The Recollections of a Counterintelligence Officer] (Murmansk: Pazori, 1998), p. 190 (in Russian).

295. Popov, Arzamas-16 , p. 207.

296. Aleksandrov, Vladimir Ya., Trudnye gody sovetskoi biologii: Vospominaniya sovremennika [Hard Years of Soviet Biology: Memoirs of a Contemporary] (St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1993), pp. 224–225 (in Russian).

297. Maksimov, V., “Po obyknoveniyu general Zdanovich otlil pulyu” [As usual, General Zdanovich lied], Novaya Gazeta , March 13, 2000 (on-line version, in Russian).

298. “Akademiku V. Ye. Sokolovu 70 let” [Academician V. Ye. Sokolov is seventy years old], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 68 (5) (1998): 467 (in Russian).

299. There were Councils of Deputies (Parliaments) in each Soviet republic, including the Russian Federation, and the Soviet Council, which consisted of separately elected deputies. This system had nothing to do with real democracy because there was only one Communist Party–approved candidate for the deputy position during all elections.

300. Domaradsky, I. V., “Perevyortysh” (Rasskaz “neudobnogo” cheloveka) [“Troublemaker” (The Story of an “Inconvenient” Person)] (Moscow: N.p., 1995), pp. 72–76 (in Russian).

301. Rimmington, Anthony, “Biotechnology,” in Berry, Michael J., ed., Science and Technology in the USSR (Burnt Mill, UK: Longman, 1988), pp. 233–245.

302. Alibek, Biohazard , pp. 43–44.

303. Dr. Goldfarb’s attempt to smuggle a nonpathogenic strain of Escherichia coli through the Soviet border (about which I was not aware of during the interrogation) and his “case” are briefly described in Daniloff, N., Two Lives, One Russia (New York: Avon Books, 1988), pp. 171–177.

304. See, for instance, Schnol, Geroi i zlodei, pp. 312–339.

305. Polyansky, Yu. I., Gody prozhitye: Vospominaniya biologa [The Years I Lived Through: Memoirs of a Biologist] (St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1997), pp. 126–137 (in Russian).

306. Birstein, Vadim J. Tsitogeneticheskie i molekulyarnye osnovy evolutsii pozvonochnykh [Cytogenetic and Molecular Aspects of Vertebrate Evolution] (Moscow: Nauka, 1987), (in Russian).

307. Novik, I. B., “Normal’naya ‘pseudonauka’” [A normal “pseudoscience”], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 3 (1990): 3–16 (in Russian).

308. Smirnov, Yu. N., “Stalin i atomnaya bomba” [Stalin and the atom bomb], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 2: 125–130 (in Russian). On Axel Berg, see Siforov, V. I., and V. I. Neiman, “Shturman otechestvennoi radio-electroniki: K 100-letiyu co dnya rozhdeniya akademika A. I. Berga” [A navigator of national radioelectronics: To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Academician A. I. Berg], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 63 (11) (1993): 1018–1023 (in Russian).

309. Kapitsa’s letter to Stalin on the organization of works on the A-bomb project, including his resignation from the Special Committee, dated November 25, 1945. Reproduced in Ryabev, L. D., ed., Atomnyi proekt SSSR: Dokumenty i materialy, tom 2, kniga 1 [The Atomic Project in the USSR: Documents and Materials, vol. 2, bk. 1] (Moscow: Nauka, 1999), pp. 613–620 (in Russian).

310. Rubinin, P. E., “Svobodnyi chelovek v nesvobodnoi strane” [A free man in a non-free country], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 64 (1994): 497–523 (in Russian).

311. Boag, J. W., P. E. Rubinin, and J. Shoenberg, eds., Kapitza in Cambridge and Moscow: Life and Letters of a Russian Physicist (New York: North-Holland, 1990), p. 368.

312. Gevorkyan and Petrov, “Terakty.”

313. Cited in Stetsovsky, Istoriya , vol. 2, p. 243.

314. Unpublished memoirs of Yu. V. Adamchuk, cited in Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton, Beria (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo AST, 1999), pp. 403–404 (in Russian).

315. Medvedev, R. A., “Yuri Andropov i Andrei Sakharov” [Yurii Andropov and Andrei Sakharov], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii 69 (1) (1999): 72–80 (in Russian).

316. Stolyarov, Palachi i zhertvy, p. 327.

317. The Communist International, or Comintern, an international Communist organization, was created at the First Meeting in Moscow on March 2–6, 1919. The Comintern’s goal was to coordinate activities of the Communist Parties in different countries for the world Communist revolution. From 1926 to 1929, Nikolai Bukharin headed the Comintern. Dr. Varga was a candidate to the Executive Committee of the Comintern and an editor of its magazine. In 1943, Stalin ended the activity of the Comintern, and the members of its staff were employed by the newly created Department on International Information of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. The Comintern’s structure is described in Adibekov, G. M., E. N. Shakhnazarova, and K. K. Shirinya, Organizatsionnaya struktura Kominterna: 1919–1943 [Organizational Structure of the Comintern, 1919–1943] (Moscow: Rosspen, 1997), (in Russian).

318. Mlechin, Predsedateli, p. 372.

319. Holloway, David, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 289.

320. Politkovskaya, Anna, “Kontslager’ s kommercheskim uklonom” [A concentration camp with a commercial trend], Novaya Gazeta 14, February 2, 2001 (on-line version, in Russian).

1. Cited in Stetsovsky, Istoriya , vol. 2, p. 62.

2. Mairanovsky’s laboratory is also mentioned in another book by the same authors: Bobryonev, Vladimir A., and Valerii B. Ryazentsev, Palachi i zhertvy [Executioners and Victims] (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1993), p. 170 (in Russian).

3. Details of the biography of Leonid (or Naum) Eitingon (1899–1981) in Costello, John, and Oleg Tsarev, Deadly Illusions (New York: Crown, 1993), pp. 237, 279–280, 298; Parrish, Michael, The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996), pp. 312–320; Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka, p. 46; West, Nigel, and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archive (London: HarperCollins, 1998), p. 209.

4. Murder International, Inc.: Murder and Kidnapping as an Instrument of Soviet Policy (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965), pp. 1–52.

5. The text of “Plan of the Agent-Operational Actions in the ‘Duck’ Case” is given in Primakov, Yevgenii, ed., Ocherki istorii Rossiiskoi Vneshnei Razvedki [Essays on the History of the Russian Foreign Intelligence] (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya, 1997), vol. 3, p. 93 (in Russian). Only one copy of this document was produced, and it was kept in Beria’s personal file. In 1955, it was transferred from the General Prosecutor’s Office to the Archive of the First Main KGB Directorate (now the SVR Archive).

6. Cited in Gevorkyan and Petrov, “Terakty.”

7. Haynes, John Earl, and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999) , pp. 276–283.

8. Sudoplatov, Pavel, Anatoli Sudoplatov, Jerrold L. Schecter, and Leona P. Schecter, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness—a Soviet Spymaster (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1994).

9. Andreev, A. V., and A. B. Kozhevnikov, “Kopengagenskaya operatsiya sovetskoi razvedki” [The Copenhagen operation of the Soviet Intelligence], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 2 (1994): 18–21 (in Russian); “Unsubstantiated Charges of Treason,” Nature 368 (1994): 779–780; “Spying Is Bad Business,” Nature 369 (1994): 2; Goldansky, Vitalii, “Russian Bomb,” Nature 372 (1994): 399; Knight, Amy, “The Man Who Wasn’t There,” New York Times , May 3, 1994; Rhodes, R., “Atomic Spies, or Atomic Lies?” New York Times , May 3, 1994; Smirnov, Yurii N., “Dopros Nielsa Bohra: Arkhivnye svidetel’stva” [An interrogation of Niels Bohr: The archival evidence], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 4 (1994): 111–117 (in Russian); Terletsky, Yakov P., “Operatsiya ‘Dopros Nielsa Bohra’” [The operation “The Interrogation of Niels Bohr”], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 2 (1994): 21–44 (in Russian); Ulam, A. B., “Murder Was Part of the Job Description,” New York Times Book Review , May 22, 1994. See also Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb , pp. 82–84, 90–95, 103–108, 138, 174, and 222–223. The most detailed criticism of Sudoplatov’s version of the Soviet atomic espionage is given in Zubok, Vladislav, “Atomic Espionage and Its Soviet ‘Witnesses,’” Bulletin of Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) 4 (1994), available at cwihp.si.edu/cwihplib.nsf/(quick search: “Atomic Espionage”).