Vadim Birstein - The Perversion of Knowledge

225. Shatunovskaya, Zhizn’ v Kremle, p. 335.

226. A description of Komarov in his Prisoner File cited in Stolyarov, Palachi i zhertvy, p. 26.

227. Memoirs of Iosif Turko, cited in Demidov, V., and V. Kutuzov, “ Poslednii udar ” [The final blow in], Leningradskoe delo “ The Leningrad Case ” (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1990), pp. 5–157 (in Russian).

228. Shatunovskaya, Zhizn’ v Kremle , p. 284.

229. Ibid., pp. 300–308.

230. Stolyarov, Palachi i zhertvy , p. 27.

231. Loebl, Eugen, My Mind on Trial (New York: Helen and Kurt Wolff, 1976), p. 62.

232. Soyfer, Lysenko , p. 348.

233. Shatunovskaya, Zhizn’ v Kremle , pp. 257–260 (in Russian); Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows , p. 87.

234. Prisoner cards of Mariyana Zaitseva and Vitalii Zaitsev.

235. Prisoner card of Tatyana Fradkina (Memorial’s Archive [Moscow], fond 171; prisoner cards from Vladimir Prison).

236. Morozov, Grigory, “Pis’ma iz seifa” [Letters from a safe], Obshchaya Gazeta 6, February 6, 2000 (on-line version, in Russian).

237. Prokopenko, A. S., Bezumnaya psikhiatriya: Sekretnye materialy o primenenii v SSSR psikhiatrii v karatel’nykh tselyakh [Mad Psychiatry: Secret Materials on the Use of Psychiatry for Punishment in the USSR] (Moscow: Sovershenno Secretno, 1997), pp. 20, 24–27 (in Russian).

238. Zakharov, V. E., “Rekviem po M. L. Levinu” [Requiem for M. L. Levin], Priroda 2 (1996): 122–126 (in Russian).

239. Sakharov, Andrei Memoirs , translated by R. Lourie (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990) p. 550. For Levin’s description of his trips to Sakharov, see Levin, M. L., “Iz vystuplenii na Sakharovskikh chteniyakh” [From speeches at Sakharov’s hearings], Priroda 8 (1990): 124–126 (in Russian).

240. Rapoport, The Doctor’s Plot of 1953, pp. 143–244; Vaksberg, Stalin Against the Jews, pp. 226–227; Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows, pp. 248–305.

241. See, for instance, Turkevich, J., “Stern, Lina Solomonovna (Physiologist),” in Soviet Men of Science: Academicians and Corresponding Members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1973), pp. 348–349.

242. Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows, pp. 79–81.

243. See details in ibid., pp. 83–85.

244. Cited in ibid., p. 85.

245. An excerpt from the “testimony,” dated January 9, 1948, is given in Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows , pp. 85–86.

246. See “O tak nazyvaemom ‘Dele.”

247. Reiss, Molotov Remembers , p. 325.

248. Molotov’s top-secret note to Stalin, dated January 20, 1949, from the President’s Archive published in Radzinsky, Stalin , p. 533.

249. Vaksberg, Stalin Against the Jews , p. 189.

250. Rapoport, Stalin’s War Against the Jews , p. 125.

251. See the court record in Rubenstein, Joshua, and Naumov, Vladimir P., eds., Stalin’s Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee , trans. Laura Esther Wolfson (New Haven: Yale University Press, in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2001).

252. The translation of Cheptsov’s statement written on August 15, 1957, is given in Vaksberg, Stalin Against the Jews , pp. 227–236.

253. Naumov and Sigachev, Lavrentii Beria, p. 497.

254. See memoirs of Esther Markish, the wife of one of the executed (Markish, Esther, The Long Return, with a foreword by David Roskies [New York: Ballantine Books, 1978], pp. 176–230).

255. “O tak nazyvaemom “Dele,” p. 40.

256. See, for instance, Batygin, G. S., and I. F. Devyatko, “Evreiskii vopros: khronika sorokovykh godov, chast’ pervaya” [The Jewish question: The chronicle of the 1940s, part one], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 63 (1) (1993): 61–72; Batygin, G. S., and I. F. Devyatko, “Evreiskii vopros: Khronika sorokovykh godov, chast’ vtoraya” [The Jewish question: The chronicle of the 1940s, part two], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 63 (2) (1993): 143–151 (in Russian).

257. Stolyarov, Palachi i zhertvy , p.11.

258. An excerpt from a transcript of the interrogation of Isaak Fefer on April 22, 1949, given in Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows , p. 259.

259. Rapoport, The Doctors’ Plot of 1953 , p. 57.

260. Naumov and Sigachev, Lavrentii Beria , p. 434.

261. Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows , pp. 260–261.

262. Viktorova’s prisoner card, Memorial’s Archive (Moscow), fond 171; prisoner cards from Vladimir Prison.

263. Stolyarov, Palachi i zhertvy , p. 26.

264. Etinger, Ya., “Kogda nachalos’ ‘delo vrachei’?” [When did the “Doctors’ Case” start?], in Okhotin and Roginsky, Zven’ya , vol. 1, pp. 555–559 (in Russian).

265. Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows , p. 264.

266. Ibid., pp. 273–274.

267. Rapoport, The Doctor’s Plot of 1953 , pp. 74–75; Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows , p. 291.

268. Naumov and Sigachev, Lavrentii Beria , p. 491.

269. Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows , p. 285.

270. Ibid., p. 283.

271. Ibid., p. 275.

272. Ibid., p. 296.

273. Rapoport, N., To li byl’, to li nebyl’ [This Might or Might Not Have Happened] (St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Pushkinskogo Fonda, 1998), p. 15 (in Russian).

274. Heller and Nekrich, Utopia in Power , pp. 503–504.

275. Khrushchev’s radio announcement on July 19, 1964. Cited in Reiss, Molotov Remembers , p. 236.

276. Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows , p. 275.

277. Stolyarov, Palachi i zhertvy , pp. 200–201.

278. Beria’s top-secret note to Georgii Malenkov, no. 17/B, dated April 1, 1953. The text was published as document no. 5 in Naumov and Sigachev, Lavrentii Beria , pp. 21–23. The secret resolution no. P3/1 regarding the so-called Doctors’ Plot case was approved by the Presidium on April 3, 1953 (document no. 6 in Naumov and Sigachev, Lavrentii Beria, pp. 23–25). Beria, Voroshilov, Bulganin, Pervukhin, Kaganovich, Saburov, Mikoyan, Khrushchev, Molotov, and Malenkov were present at the meeting.

279. Vasilieva, Larissa, Kremlin Wives, translated from Russian by Cathy Porter (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1994), pp. 154–155.

280. Ibid., p. 155.

281. Vaksberg, Stalin Against the Jews, p. 192; Vasilieva, Kremlin Wives , p. 159.

282. Vasilieva, Kremlin Wives , p. 159.

283. Materials from Ekaterina Kalinina’s NKVD Investigation File are cited in ibid., pp. 116–135.

284. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka, pp. 72–77.

285. Documents nos. 5 and 6 in Naumov and Sigachev, Lavrentii Beria , pp. 21–25.

286. Viktorova’s prisoner card, Memorial’s Archive (Moscow), fond 171; prisoner cards from Vladimir Prison.

287. Beria’s top-secret letter to Malenkov no. 128/B, dated June 25, 1953, published as document 22 in Naumov and Sigachev, Lavrentii Beria , pp. 64–66.

288. Stolyarov, Palachi i zhertvy , pp. 16–18.

289. Ibid., p. 239.

290. Ibid., p. 299.

291. Petrov, N., “Sudy protiv chlenov NKVD-MGB” [Trials against NKVD-MGB members], in Okhotin and Roginsky, Zven’ya , vol. 1, pp. 430–436 (in Russian).

292. In her memoirs, Dr. Raissa Berg describes in detail her frightening experience when she was called to the Special Department of the Automation Institute of the Novosibirsk Branch of the academy (Berg, Raissa L., Acquired Traits: Memoirs of a Geneticist from the Soviet Union [New York: Viking, 1988], pp. 368–371).