Christopher Hallinan - Embedded Linux Primer - A Practical, Real-World Approach
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- Название:Embedded Linux Primer: A Practical, Real-World Approach
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- Издательство:Prentice Hall
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- Год:2006
- ISBN:978-0-13-167984-9
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Embedded Linux Primer: A Practical, Real-World Approach: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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Comprehensive Real-World Guidance for Every Embedded Developer and Engineer
This book brings together indispensable knowledge for building efficient, high-value, Linux-based embedded products: information that has never been assembled in one place before. Drawing on years of experience as an embedded Linux consultant and field application engineer, Christopher Hallinan offers solutions for the specific technical issues you're most likely to face, demonstrates how to build an effective embedded Linux environment, and shows how to use it as productively as possible.
Hallinan begins by touring a typical Linux-based embedded system, introducing key concepts and components, and calling attention to differences between Linux and traditional embedded environments. Writing from the embedded developer's viewpoint, he thoroughly addresses issues ranging from kernel building and initialization to bootloaders, device drivers to file systems.
Hallinan thoroughly covers the increasingly popular BusyBox utilities; presents a step-by-step walkthrough of porting Linux to custom boards; and introduces real-time configuration via CONFIG_RT--one of today's most exciting developments in embedded Linux. You'll find especially detailed coverage of using development tools to analyze and debug embedded systems--including the art of kernel debugging.
• Compare leading embedded Linux processors
• Understand the details of the Linux kernel initialization process
• Learn about the special role of bootloaders in embedded Linux systems, with specific emphasis on U-Boot
• Use embedded Linux file systems, including JFFS2--with detailed guidelines for building Flash-resident file system images
• Understand the Memory Technology Devices subsystem for flash (and other) memory devices
• Master gdb, KGDB, and hardware JTAG debugging
• Learn many tips and techniques for debugging within the Linux kernel
• Maximize your productivity in cross-development environments
• Prepare your entire development environment, including TFTP, DHCP, and NFS target servers
• Configure, build, and initialize BusyBox to support your unique requirements
This book brings together indispensable knowledge for building efficient, high-value, Linux-based embedded products: information that has never been assembled in one place before. Drawing on years of experience as an embedded Linux consultant and field application engineer, Christopher Hallinan offers solutions for the specific technical issues you're most likely to face, demonstrates how to build an effective embedded Linux environment, and shows how to use it as productively as possible.
Hallinan begins by touring a typical Linux-based embedded system, introducing key concepts and components, and calling attention to differences between Linux and traditional embedded environments. Writing from the embedded developer's viewpoint, he thoroughly addresses issues ranging from kernel building and initialization to bootloaders, device drivers to file systems.
Hallinan thoroughly covers the increasingly popular BusyBox utilities; presents a step-by-step walkthrough of porting Linux to custom boards; and introduces real-time configuration via CONFIG_RT--one of today's most exciting developments in embedded Linux. You'll find especially detailed coverage of using development tools to analyze and debug embedded systems--including the art of kernel debugging.
• Compare leading embedded Linux processors
• Understand the details of the Linux kernel initialization process
• Learn about the special role of bootloaders in embedded Linux systems, with specific emphasis on U-Boot
• Use embedded Linux file systems, including JFFS2--with detailed guidelines for building Flash-resident file system images
• Understand the Memory Technology Devices subsystem for flash (and other) memory devices
• Master gdb, KGDB, and hardware JTAG debugging
• Learn many tips and techniques for debugging within the Linux kernel
• Maximize your productivity in cross-development environments
• Prepare your entire development environment, including TFTP, DHCP, and NFS target servers
• Configure, build, and initialize BusyBox to support your unique requirements
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BusyBox has many useful commands. Here is a list of the commands documented in a recent BusyBox snapshot.
| addgroup | Adds a group to the system |
| adduser | Adds a user to the system |
| adjtimex | Reads and optionally sets system timebase parameters |
| ar | Extracts or lists files from an ar archive |
| arping | Pings hosts by ARP requests/replies |
| ash | The ash shell (command interpreter) |
| awk | Pattern-scanning and processing language |
| basename | Strips directory path and suffixes from files |
| bunzip2 | Uncompresses a file (or standard input if no input file specified) |
| bzcat | Uncompresses to stdout |
| cal | Displays a calendar |
| cat | Concatenates file(s) and prints them to stdout |
| chgrp | Changes the group membership of each file |
| chmod | Changes file access permissions |
| chown | Changes the owner and/or group of file(s) |
| chroot | Runs the command with root directory set to new root |
| chvt | Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN |
| clear | Clears screen |
| cmp | Compares files |
| cp | Copies files |
| cpio | Extracts or lists files from a cpio archive |
| crond | BusyBox's version of cron daemon |
| crontab | Manages crontab control file |
| cut | Prints selected fields from each input file to standard output |
| date | Displays or sets the system time |
| dc | Tiny RPN calculator |
| dd | Copies a file, converting and formatting according to options |
| deallocvt | Deallocates unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN |
| delgroup | Deletes a group from the system |
| deluser | Deletes a user from the system |
| devfsd | Obsolete daemon for managing devfs permissions and old device name symlinks |
| df | Prints the file system space used and space available |
| dirname | Strips a nondirectory suffix from a filename |
| dmesg | Prints or controls the kernel ring buffer |
| dos2unix | Converts a file from DOS format to UNIX format |
| dpkg | Utility to install, remove, and manage Debian packages |
| dpkg-deb | Performs actions on Debian packages (debs) |
| du | Summarizes disk space used for each file and/or directory |
| dumpkmap | Prints a binary keyboard-translation table to standard output |
| dumpleases | Displays the DHCP leases granted by udhcpd |
| echo | Prints the specified ARGs to stdout |
| env | Prints the current environment or runs a program after setting |
| expr | Prints the value of an expression to standard output |
| false | Returns an exit code of FALSE (1) |
| fbset | Shows and modifies frame buffer settings |
| fdflush | Forces floppy disk drive to detect disk change |
| fdformat | Low-level-formats a floppy disk |
| fdisk | Changes partition table |
| find | Searches for files in a directory hierarchy |
| fold | Wraps input lines in each file |
| free | Displays the amount of free and used system memory |
| freeramdisk | Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk |
| fsckminix | Performs a consistency check for MINIX file systems |
| ftpget | Retrieves a remote file via FTP |
| ftpput | Stores a local file on a remote machine via FTP |
| getopt | Parses command options |
| getty | Opens a tty, prompts for a login name, and then invokes /bin/login |
| grep | Searches for PATTERN in each file or standard input |
| gunzip | Uncompresses file (or standard input) |
| gzip | Compresses file(s) with maximum compression |
| halt | Halts the system |
| hdparm | Gets/sets hard disk parameters |
| head | Prints first 10 lines of each file to standard output |
| hexdump | Dumps files in user-specified binary, octal, hex, character, or decimal format |
| hostid | Prints a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine |
| hostname | Gets or sets the hostname |
| httpd | Listens for incoming http server requests |
| hwclock | Queries and sets the hardware clock (RTC) |
| id | Prints information for USERNAME or the current user |
| ifconfig | Configures a network interface |
| ifdown | Deconfigures an interface |
| ifup | Configure an interface |
| inetd | Listenss for network connections and launches programs |
| init | BusyBox version of init |
| insmod | Loads the specified kernel modules into the kernel |
| install | Copies files and sets attributes |
| ip | TCP/IP configuration utility |
| ipaddr | Manipulates interface addresses |
| ipcalc | Calculates IP network settings from an IP address |
| iplink | Manipulates interface settings |
| iproute | Displays/sets routing table entries |
| iptunnel | BusyBox iptunnel utility |
| kill | Sends a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified process(es) |
| killall | Sends a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified process(es) |
| klogd | Kernel logger |
| lash | The BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter) |
| last | Shows a listing of the last users who logged into the system |
| length | Prints the length of the specified STRING |
| ln | Creates a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET |
| loadfont | Loads a console font from standard input |
| loadkmap | Loads a binary keyboard-translation table from standard input |
| logger | Writes MESSAGE to the system log |
| login | Begins a new session on the system |
| logname | Prints the name of the current user |
| logread | Shows the messages from syslogd |
| losetup | Associates LOOPDEVICE with file |
| ls | Lists directory contents |
| lsmod | Lists the currently loaded kernel modules |
| makedevs | Creates a range of block or character special files |
| md5sum | Prints or checks MD5 checksums |
| mesg | mesg controls write access to your terminal |
| mkdir | Creates directory entries |
| mkfifo | Creates a named pipe (identical to mknod name p) |
| mkfsminix | Makes a MINIX file system |
| mknod | Creates a special file (block, character, or pipe) |
| mkswap | Prepares a disk partition to be used as a swap partition |
| mktemp | Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE |
| modprobe | Used for high-level module loading and unloading |
| more | Filter for viewing files one screenful at a time |
| mount | Mounts a file system |
| mt | Controls magnetic tape drive operation |
| mv | Renames and/or moves files |
| nameif | Renames a network interface while in the down state |
| nc | Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port |
| netstat | Netstat displays Linux networking information |
| nslookup | Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given host |
| od | Dumps files in octal and other formats |
| openvt | Starts a command on a new virtual terminal |
| passwd | Changes a user password |
| patch | BusyBox implementation of patch |
| pidof | Gets PID of named process |
| ping | Sends ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts |
| ping6 | Sends ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts |
| pivot_root | Changes the root file system |
| poweroff | Halts the system and requests that the kernel shut off the power |
| printf | Formats and prints arguments according to user format |
| ps | Reports process status |
| pwd | Prints the full filename of the current working directory |
| rdate | Gets and possibly sets the system date and time from a remote HOST |
| readlink | Displays the value of a symbolic link |
| realpath | Returns the absolute pathnames of a given argument |
| reboot | Reboots the system |
| renice | Changes priority of running processes in allowed priorities range |
| reset | Resets the screen |
| rm | Removes (unlink) file(s) |
| rmdir | Removes directory(ies), if they are empty |
| rmmod | Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel |
| route | Edits the kernel's routing tables |
| rpm | Manipulates RPM packages |
| rpm2cpio | Outputs a cpio archive of the rpm file |
| run-parts | Runs a bunch of scripts in a directory |
| rx | Receives a file using the xmodem protocol |
| sed | Busybox Stream Editor implementation |
| seq | Prints a range of numbers to standard output |
| setkeycodes | Sets entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map |
| sha1sum | Prints or checks SHA1 checksums |
| sleep | Delay for specified amount of time |
| sort | Sorts lines of text in the specified files |
| start-stop-daemon | Program to start and stop services |
| strings | Displays printable strings in a binary file |
| stty | Displays and modifies terminal settings |
| su | Changes user ID or become root |
| sulogin | Single user login |
| swapoff | Disables virtual memory page swapping |
| swapon | Enables virtual memory page swapping |
| sync | Writes all buffered file system blocks to disk |
| sysctl | Configures kernel parameters at runtime |
| syslogd | Linux system and kernel-logging utility |
| tail | Prints last 10 lines of each file to standard output |
| tar | Creates, extracts, or lists files from a tar file |
| tee | Copies standard input to each file and also to standard output |
| telnet | BusyBox Telnet client implementation |
| telnetd | BusyBox Telnet server implementation |
| test | Checks file types and compares values, returning an exit |
| tftp | Transfers a file using TFTP protocol |
| time | Measures time used by a program |
| top | Provides a view of processor activity in real time |
| touch | Updates the last-modified date on the given FILE[s] |
| tr | Translates, squeezes, and/or deletes characters |
| traceroute | Traces the route IP packets follow |
| true | Returns an exit code of trUE (0) |
| tty | Prints the filename of the terminal connected to standard input |
| udhcpc | BusyBox DHCP client implementation |
| udhcpd | BusyBox DHCP server implementation |
| umount | Unmount file systems |
| uname | Prints certain system information |
| uncompress | Uncompresses Z file(s) |
| uniq | Discards all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT |
| unix2dos | Converts file from UNIX format to DOS format |
| unzip | Extracts files from ZIP archives |
| uptime | Displays the time since the last boot |
| usleep | Pauses for n microseconds |
| uudecode | Uudecodes a file that is uuencoded |
| uuencode | Uuencodes a file |
| vconfig | Lets you create and remove virtual Ethernet devices |
| vi | BusyBox vi editor |
| vlock | Locks a virtual terminal and requires a password to unlock it |
| watch | Executes a program periodically |
| watchdog | Periodically writes to a specified watchdog device |
| wc | Prints line, word, and byte counts for each file |
| wget | Retrieves files via HTTP or FTP |
| which | Locates a command on the current path |
| who | Prints the current usernames and related information |
| whoami | Prints the username associated with the current effective user ID |
| xargs | Executes a command on every item given by standard input |
| yes | Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified STRING(s), or y |
| zcat | Uncompresses to stdout |
Appendix D. SDRAM Interface Considerations
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