Jeremy Scahill - Dirty Wars

484 Civil Cooperation Bureau:Desmond Tutu, Alex Boraine, Mary Burton, Bongani Finca, Sisi Khampepe, Richard Lister, Wynand Malan, Khoza Mgojo, Hlengiwe Mkhize, Dumisa Ntsebeza, Wendy Orr, Fazel Randera, Yasmin Sooka, and Glenda Wildschut, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, vol. 2, October 29, 1998, pp. 138–139. Lafras Luitingh is described by the commission as a “core member” of the CCB who held the position of “administrative or production manager” on its management board.

484 “seed money”:Ibid.

484 officials from Abu Dhabi:Bryden et al., “Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea,” p. 274.

484 also hired:Associated Press, “One-Thousand-Man Militia Being Trained in North Somalia.”

484 1,000-member counterpiracy force:Ibid.

484 “You cannot have oil exploration”:Ibid.

484 well under way:Bryden et al., “Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea.” The following details of Saracen’s work in Somalia are found pp. 53, 276–279, and 281–282.

485 traveled to Mogadishu:Ibid., p. 275.

485 at least five other private companies:Mohamed Ibrahim and Jeffrey Gettleman, “Parliament Takes on Contractors in Somalia,” New York Times, December 30, 2010.

485 “unknown armed groups”:Bryden et al., “Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea,” p. 275.

485 demanding the suspension:Ibrahim and Gettleman, “Parliament Takes on Contractors in Somalia.”

485 “opaque web of affiliated entities”:Matt Bryden et al., “Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council resolution 1926 (2010),” p. 53.

485 “increased tension”:Ibid., p. 282.

485 overcome the scourge of piracy:Katherine Houreld (AP), “Blackwater Founder Secretly Backing Somali Militia,” Salon.com, January 20, 2011.

485 “anything to do with Blackwater”:Jeffrey Gettleman, “Somalia Is Likely to Cut Ties to Mercenaries, Official Says,” New York Times, January 23, 2011.

485 negotiations around the Saracen deal:Bryden et al., “Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea,” p. 275.

485 suspending Saracen’s operations:Ibid., p. 273.

485 discreetly operating:Author interview, senior Somali official, June 2011.

485 other private security companies:Bryden et al., “Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea,” p. 256.

486 “American footprint”:Gettleman, Mazzetti, and Schmitt, “U.S. Relies on Contractors in Somalia Conflict.”

487 $5 million bounty:Malkhadir M. Muhumed and Jason Straziuso (AP), “Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, Alleged U.S. Embassy Bomber, Dead: Somali Government,” Huffington Post, June 11, 2011.

487 “We shall redouble our struggle”:Abdi Sheikh, “Somalia’s al Shabaab Vows to Avenge bin Laden,” Reuters, May 7, 2011.

487 “He was criticizing them”:Author interview, Mogadishu, Somalia, June 2011. All information and statements attributed to the “Somali source” come from the author’s interview.

487 finding it increasingly difficult:Author interview, Mogadishu, Somalia, June 2011.

488 increased the size of its forces:Abdi Sheikh, “Burundi Sends 1,000 Extra AU Troops to Somalia,” Reuters, March 12, 2011.

488 pushing into al Shabab territory:Agence France-Presse, “Amisom Pinning Back Rebels in Mogadishu,” News24.com, April 7, 2011.

488 new technology:Associated Press, “Pentagon Sends Drones, Anti-Terror Equipment to Counterterror Forces Dealing with Somalia,” FoxNews.com, June 26, 2011.

488 South African passport:Malkhadir M. Muhumed (AP), “Young Somali Soldier: I Killed Top al-Qaida Operative,” NBCnews.com, June 14, 2011.

488 high on khat:Mohamed Odowa, “Fazul’s Last Moments; Soldiers Tell of Shootout That Killed Al-Qaeda Commander,” SomaliaReport.com, June 16, 2011.

489 refused to comply with instructions:Author interviews, Somali militia members at the scene, June 2011, and a senior Somali intelligence official, June 2011.

489 they discovered:Jeffrey Gettleman, “Somalis Kill Mastermind of Two U.S. Embassy Bombings,” New York Times, June 11, 2011.

489 promptly looted the car:Author interview, Somali intelligence official, June 2011.

489 “There was a lot of English and Arabic stuff”:Ibid. All information and statements attributed the Somali intelligence official come from the author’s interview.

489 The men’s bodies were taken:Details of what happened after the raid are from the author’s interview with the Somali intelligence official.

489 “significant blow to Al Qaeda”:Secretary Clinton’s statement to the press, “Death of Harun Fazul,” June 11, 2011, www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/06/165942.htm.

489 “to take over as much land as possible”:Author interview, Abdirahman “Aynte” Ali, June 2011. All information and statements attributed to Aynte come from the author’s interview.

490 United States carried out a strike:Malkhadir M. Muhumed (AP), “Somalia Says US Forces Snatch Militants Hit in Drone Strike,” Boston.com, July 2, 2011.

490 three more US strikes:Aweys Cadde, “Airstrikes Hit Lower Juba…Again,” SomaliaReport.com, July 6, 2011.

490 “Both at the same time”:Author interview, President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, June 2011.

490 “We will continue to pummel”:John Brennan, “Ensuring al-Qa’ida’s Demise,” prepared remarks for delivery at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Washington, DC, June 29, 2011.

490 extreme toll on Somali civilians:Daniel Maxwell and Merry Fitzpatrick, “The 2011 Somalia Famine: Context, Causes, and Complications,” Global Food Security 1 (1) (December 2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2012.07.002.

490 flocking to the violence-rocked capital:Jane Ferguson and Moni Basu, “Amid Famine, Somalis Flock Back to the War-Torn City They Fled,” CNN.com, July 22, 2011.

490 30,000 refugees had arrived:Lauren Sutherland, “Inside Kenya’s Overflowing Refugee Camps,” Nation , August 15, 2011.

490 lost its ability to collect taxes:Dr. Afyare Abdu Elmi and Abdi Aynte, “Somalia: The Case for Negotiating with al-Shabaab,” Al Jazeera Center for Studies, January 16, 2012, http://studies.aljazeera.net/ResourceGallery/media/Documents/2012/2/16/2012216134314443734Somalia_The%20Case%20for%20Negotiating%20with%20al-Shabab.pdf.

490 monsoon season hit:Associated Press, “Taxes Hastened Somalia’s Famine, Militant Retreat,” FoxNews.com, October 1, 2011.

491 well-organized retreat:Jeffrey Gettleman and Mohammed Ibrahim, “Shabab Concede Control of Capital to Somalia Government,” New York Times, August 6, 2011.

491 evening of attacks:Mohamed Ahmed and Ibrahim Mohamed, “Somali Government Declares Islamist Rebellion Defeated,” Reuters, August 6, 2011.

491 “completely vacated Mogadishu”:Gettleman and Ibrahim, “Shabab Concede Control of Capital to Somalia Government.”