Jeremy M. Smallwood - The ESD Control Program Handbook

1 Cover

2 Introduction References Further Reading

3 Foreword

4 Preface

5 Acknowledgments

6 1 Definitions and Terminology 1.1 Scientific Notation and SI Unit Prefixes 1.2 Charge, Electrostatic Fields, and Voltage 1.3 Electric Current 1.4 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) 1.5 Earthing, Grounding, and Equipotential Bonding 1.6 Power and Energy 1.7 Resistance, Resistivity, and Conductivity 1.8 Capacitance 1.9 Shielding 1.10 Dielectric Breakdown Strength 1.11 Relative Humidity and Dew Point References

7 2 The Principles of Static Electricity and Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Control2.1 Overview 2.2 Contact Charge Generation (Triboelectrification) 2.3 Electrostatic Charge Build‐Up and Dissipation 2.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Fields 2.5 Electrostatic Discharges 2.6 Common Electrostatic Discharge Sources 2.7 Electronic Models of ESD 2.8 Electrostatic Attraction (ESA) 2.9 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 2.10 How to Avoid ESD Damage of Components References Further Reading

8 3 Electrostatic Discharge–Sensitive (ESDS) Devices3.1 What Are ESDS Devices? 3.2 Measuring ESD Susceptibility 3.3 ESD Susceptibility of Components 3.4 Some Common Types of ESD Damage 3.5 System‐Level ESD References Further Reading

9 4 The Seven Habits of a Highly Effective ESD Program4.1 Why Habits? 4.2 The Basis of ESD Protection 4.3 What Is an ESDS Device? 4.4 Habit 1: Always Handle ESDS Components Within an EPA 4.5 Habit 2: Where Possible, Avoid Use of Insulators Near ESDS 4.6 Habit 3: Reduce ESD Risks from Essential Insulators 4.7 Habit 4: Ground Conductors, Especially People 4.8 Habit 5: Protect ESDS Using ESD Packaging 4.9 Habit 6: Train Personnel to Know How to Use ESD Control Equipment and Procedures 4.10 Habit 7: Check and Test to Make Sure Everything Is Working 4.11 The Seven Habits and ESD Standards 4.12 Handling Very Sensitive Devices 4.13 Controlling Other ESD Sources References Further Reading

10 5 Automated Systems5.1 What Makes Automated Handling and Assembly Different? 5.2 Conductive, Static Dissipative, and Insulative Materials 5.3 Safety and AHE 5.4 Understanding the ESD Sources and Risks 5.5 A Strategy for ESD Control 5.6 Determination and Implementation of ESD Control Measures in AHE 5.7 Materials, Techniques, and Equipment Used for ESD Control in AHE 5.8 ESD Protective Packaging 5.9 Measurements in AHE 5.10 Handling Very Sensitive Components References Further Reading

11 6 ESD Control Standards6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Development of ESD Control Standards 6.3 Who Writes the Standards? 6.4 The IEC and ESDA Standards 6.5 Requirements of IEC 61340‐5‐1 and ANSI/ESD S20.20 Standards References Further Reading

12 7 Selection, Use, Care, and Maintenance of Equipment and Materials for ESD Control7.1 Introduction 7.2 ESD Control Earth (Ground) 7.3 The ESD Control Floor 7.4 Earth Bonding 7.5 Personal Grounding 7.6 Work Surfaces 7.7 Storage Racks and Shelves 7.8 Trolleys, Carts, and Mobile Equipment 7.9 Seats 7.10 Ionizers 7.11 ESD Control Garments 7.12 Hand Tools 7.13 Soldering or Desoldering Irons 7.14 Gloves and Finger Cots 7.15 Marking of ESD Control Equipment References Further Reading

13 8 ESD Control Packaging8.1 Why Is Packaging Important in ESD Control? 8.2 Packaging Functions 8.3 ESD Control Packaging Terminology 8.4 ESD Packaging Properties 8.5 Use of ESD Protective Packaging 8.6 Materials and Processes Used in ESD Protective Packaging 8.7 Types and Forms of ESD Protective Packaging 8.8 Packaging Standards 8.9 How to Select an Appropriate Packaging System 8.10 Marking of ESD Protective Packaging References Further Reading

14 9 How to Evaluate an ESD Control Program9.1 Introduction 9.2 Evaluation of ESD Risks 9.3 Evaluating Process Capability Based on HBM, MM, and CDM Data 9.4 Evaluating ESD Protection Needs 9.5 Evaluation of Cost Effectiveness of the ESD Control Program 9.6 Evaluation of Compliance of an ESD Control Program with a Standard References

15 10 How to Develop an ESD Control Program10.1 What Do We Need for a Successful ESD Control Program? 10.2 The EPA 10.3 What Are the Sources of ESD Risk in the EPA? 10.4 How to Determine Appropriate ESD Measures 10.5 Documentation of ESD Procedures 10.6 Evaluating ESD Protection Needs 10.7 Optimizing the ESD Control Program 10.8 Considerations for Specific Areas of the Facility 10.9 Update and Improvement References

16 11 ESD Measurements11.1 Introduction 11.2 Standard Measurements 11.3 Product Qualification or Compliance Verification? 11.4 Environmental Conditions 11.5 Summary of the Standard Test Methods and Their Applications 11.6 Measurement Equipment 11.7 Common Problems with Measurements 11.8 Standard Measurements Specified by IEC 61340‐5‐1 and ANSI/ESD S20.20 11.9 Useful Measurements Not Specified by IEC 61340‐5‐1 and ESD S20.20 References Further Reading

17 12 ESD Training12.1 Why Do We Need ESD Training? 12.2 Training Planning 12.3 Who Needs Training? 12.4 Training Form and Content 12.5 Electrostatic and ESD Theory 12.6 Demonstrations of ESD Control–Related Issues 12.7 Electrostatic Demonstrations 12.8 Evaluation References Further Reading

18 13 The Future13.1 General Trends 13.2 ESD Withstand Voltage Trends 13.3 ESD Control Programs and Process Control 13.4 Standards 13.5 ESD Control Equipment and Materials 13.6 ESD‐Related Measurements 13.7 System ESD Immunity 13.8 Education and Training References Further Reading

19 A AAppendix A: An Example Draft ESD Control ProgramAppendix A: An Example Draft ESD Control ProgramA.1 About This Plan A.2 Description of the Example Facility A.3 Test and Qualification Procedures A.4 ESD Control Program Plan at XXX Ltd A.5 Personal Safety A.6 ESD Control Program A.7 ESD Control Program Technical Requirements A.8 Compliance Verification Plan A.9 ESD Training Plan A.10 ESD Control Product Qualification References

20 Index

21 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Examples of use of scientific notation and SI prefixes. Table 1.2 Example of how meanings of conductive , static dissipative , insulativ ... Table 1.3 Example of how meanings of conductive , dissipative , and insulative c...

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 An example of a triboelectric series. Table 2.2 Approximate capacitance of typical everyday objects. Table 2.3 The effect of humidity on typical electrostatic voltages (MIL HDBK ...

3 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Typical ESD model simulation component values for common sources. Table 3.2 ESD model component values to achieve specified waveforms in standa... Table 3.3 ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS001‐2017 HBM waveform parameters with 0 Ω calibra... Table 3.4 ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS001‐2017 HBM device classification. Table 3.5 IEC 61000‐4‐2 test levels. Table 3.6 61000‐4‐2 contact discharge waveform parameters. Table 3.7 IEC 60749‐27 MM waveform parameters with 0 and 500 Ω calibration lo... Table 3.8 IEC 60479‐27 MM device classification. Table 3.9 ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS‐002 CDM waveform parameters using small verifica... Table 3.10 ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS‐002 CDM waveform parameters using large verific... Table 3.11 ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS‐002 CDM device classification. Table 3.12 ESD model parameters compared (Gieser and Ruge 1994) assuming a 10... Table 3.13 Range of typical HBM withstand voltages of components.

4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Some examples of essential insulators and nonessential insulators.Table 4.2 Voltages and distances between plane parallel electrodes giving the...Table 4.3 Some examples of essential insulators and possible ways of dealing ...

5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 IEC TC101 Participating (P) and Observer (O) members in 2017.Table 6.2 Near‐equivalent ESD control program standards in the IEC 61340‐5‐1 ...Table 6.3 Near‐equivalent test method documents in the IEC 61340‐5‐1 and ANSI...Table 6.4 Grounding requirements.Table 6.5 Personal grounding requirements.Table 6.6 Requirements for benches, floors, and seats.Table 6.7 Requirements for ESD control garments.Table 6.8 Requirements for ionizers.Table 6.9 Requirements for soldering and desoldering hand tools (ANSI/ESD S20...Table 6.10 ESD Packaging resistance classifications.Table 6.11 ESD packaging.