Jeremy Scahill - Dirty Wars

324 formally designated:Transcript, press statement from Philip J. Crowley, Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, “Designations of Al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and Senior Leaders,” January 19, 2010.

324 took similar action:“U.N. Security Council Sanctions al Qaeda’s Yemen Wing,” Reuters.com, January 19, 2010.

324 “support the U.S. effort”:Transcript, Philip J. Crowley, “Designations of Al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and Senior Leaders.”

324 killed senior AQAP figures:Hammoud Mounasser, “Yemen Air Strikes Pound Qaeda Leader’s Home: Military,” Agence France-Presse, January 20, 2010.

324 local leader Ayad al Shabwani:The first strike was not in Marib but reportedly killed al Shabwani; the second reportedly hit near his home.

324 “seventeen raids inside Marib”:“Airstrikes Target al-Qaida in Yemen,” Voice of America, January 19, 2010.

325 “Both the CIA and the JSOC”:Dana Priest, “U.S. Military Teams, Intelligence Deeply Involved in Aiding Yemen on Strikes,” Washington Post, January 27, 2010.

325 “a very dubious legality”:Author interview, Colonel W. Patrick Lang, September 2010.

325 “Obviously, if U.S. forces are fighting”:Glenn Greenwald, “Presidential Assassinations of U.S. Citizens,” Salon.com, January 27, 2010.

326 “terrorist No. 1”:Adam Entous, “U.S. Targets American-Born Cleric in Yemen: Officials,” Reuters, April 6, 2010.

326 “a decision to use lethal force”:To Prohibit the Extrajudicial Killing of United States Citizens, and for Other Purposes, H.R. 6010, 111th Cong. (July 30, 2010). Representative Kucinich cites the statement in his bill. It was not included in the public record of Blair’s testimony before the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, on February 3, 2010.

326 “There is some unease about this approach”:Author interview, Dr. Emile Nakhleh, January 2010.

326 “We are very pleased”:Priest, “U.S. Military Teams, Intelligence Deeply Involved.”

326 write directly to Obama:Author copy of letter from Nasser al Awlaki to President Barack Obama.

328 nomination had been held up:Yochi J. Dreazen, “Lawmakers Hold Up a Top General’s Nomination,” Wall Street Journal , May 1, 2008.

328 McChrystal was instrumental:Marc Ambinder, “Obama Gives Commanders Wide Berth for Secret Warfare,” Atlantic, May 25, 2010, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/05/obama-gives-commanders-wide-berth-for-secret-warfare/57202/.

328 heated debate:“Sharp Division Inside White House on Afghanistan, Analyst Says,” CNN.com, October 5, 2009.

328 advocated for a shift:Peter Baker, “How Obama Came to Plan for ‘Surge’ in Afghanistan,” New York Times, December 5, 2009.

328 “I don’t foresee the return”:Transcript, interview with General James Jones on State of the Union with John King , CNN, October 4, 2009.

329 “a fairly good relationship”:Author interview, confidential source, December 2010.

329 surge in Afghanistan:Karen DeYoung and Scott Wilson, “Obama to Send 34,000 Troops to Afghanistan,” Washington Post , December 1, 2009.

329 “Disrupt, dismantle and defeat”:Transcript of President Barack Obama remarks, “Address to the Nation on the Way Forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan,” West Point Military Academy, West Point, New York, December 1, 2009.

329 “I was somewhat stunned”:Author interview, Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson, May 2011.

329 “The Kabul Command”:Author interview, Scott Horton, September 2010.

330 McChrystal made it clear:Spencer Ackerman, “Special Operations Chiefs Quietly Sway Afghanistan Policy,” Washington Independent, November 9, 2009.

330 “heavy COIN presence”:Ibid.

330 “They’re focusing on the main population”:Ibid.

330 embracing its core tenets:General Stanley McChrystal, Commander ISAF (COMISAF) Initial Assessment (Declassified), released September 21, 2009, accessed December 1, 2012, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/21/AR2009092100110.html.

330 “essential to [the] credibility”: Hearing to Consider the Nominations of Admiral James G. Stavridis, USN for Reappointment to the Grade of Admiral and to be Commander, U.S. European Command and Supreme Allied Commander, Europe; Lieutenant General Douglas M. Fraser, USAF to be General and Commander, U.S. Southern Command; And Lieutenant General Stanley A. McChrystal, USA, to be General and Commander, International Security Assistance Force and Commander, U.S. Forces, Afghanistan, Day 5, Before the Senate Armed Services Committee, 111th Cong. (June 2, 2009) (testimony of General Stanley McChrystal).

330 significantly reduced air strikes:Dexter Filkins, “U.S. Tightens Airstrike Policy in Afghanistan,” New York Times , June 21, 2009.

330 ninety-seven Afghan civilians:Dan De Luce, “We Failed to Follow Bombing Rules: Pentagon,” Agence France-Presse, June 8, 2009.

330 “any entry into an Afghan house”:Memorandum, from International Security Assistance Force Headquarters, Kabul, Afghanistan, July 6, 2009, www.nato.int/isaf/docu/official_texts/Tactical_Directive_090706.pdf. The memo contains unclassified excerpts of a tactical directive sent out by McChrystal on July 2, 2009.

330 1,000 Special Operations Forces:Rowan Scarborough, “Pentagon Quietly Sending 1,000 Special Operators to Afghanistan in Strategy Revamp,” FoxNews.com, June 5, 2009.

331 SOF teams set to mowing down:Associated Press, “Analysis: Gen. Petraeus Promotes Special-Ops Success to Show Part of Afghan War US Is Winning,” FoxNews.com, September 3, 2010.

331 “By any objective reckoning”:Author interview with Gareth Porter, September 2010.

331 more than 2,000 people:Nick Davies, “Afghanistan War Logs: Task Force 373—Special Forces Hunting Top Taliban,” Guardian, July 25, 2010.

331 increased fourfold:Julian E. Barnes, “U.S. Steps Up Special Operations Mission in Afghanistan,” Los Angeles Times, December 16, 2009.

331 “This is Gen. McChrystal’s play”:Ibid.

331 own detainee operations:Kimberly Dozier (AP), “Afghanistan Secret Prisons Confirmed by U.S.,” Huffington Post, April 8, 2011.

331 Field Detention Sites:Anand Gopal, “America’s Secret Afghan Prisons,” Nation , January 28, 2010.

331 ninety-six hours:Ibid.

331 nine weeks:Dozier, “Afghanistan Secret Prisons Confirmed by U.S.”

331 Black Jail:Alissa J. Rubin, “Afghans Detail Detention in ‘Black Jail’ at U.S. Base,” New York Times , November 28, 2009.

331 forced nudity, environmental manipulation, solitary confinement:Dozier, “Afghanistan Secret Prisons Confirmed by U.S.”

331 being beaten:Rubin, “Afghans Detail Detention in ‘Black Jail’ at U.S. Base.”