Mary Roberts - What Soldiers Do

Eustis, Morton, 28, 29

Fabre-Luce, Alfred, 23

factories of love ( boîtes aux soldats ), 140

Fanon, Frantz, 248

Farrell, Arthur, 207

Faubus, Orval, 19, 29, 61, 147, 152

Ferguson, George, 207, 216–17

Ferrary, Pierre and Yvonne, 34

FFI. See French Forces of the Interior (FFI)

figaro, Le , 9

filles soumises , 136, 137–38. See also Parisian prostitutes

Finance, Paul, 103, 107, 120

Flavian, C. L., 99

Fleeson, Doris, 61

Foehringer, Roger, 43, 134

Folies Bergère, 150

Foncine, Jean-Louis, 103

forêts de la nuit, Les (Curtis), 100

franc-tireur, Le , 67, 121

Frank, Anne, 20

Frankel, Nat, 157

Freese, Frank, 25, 29, 117

Frémont, Armand, 49

French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN), 5, 23, 263n7

French Forces of the Interior (FFI), 5, 77, 78f; American dismay at FFI’s role in épuration of collaborators, 97, 289n83; American view of, 95–97, 288n76; GIs’ divided view of, 98–99; GIs’ view of female members, 287n58; treatment of female German collaborators, 133; view of Americans and of their own manhood, 99–101

French national identity: American view of the French Army, 94–95; centrality of gender norms to how Americans treated France, 83–84; consistent denigration of French masculinity by Stars and Stripes , 77–78, 81–83; damage done to French male authority by the war, 110, 172n172; damage to the French male ego done by the war ( see wartime male gender damage); ex-prisoners’ marginalization upon return home, 107–10; France’s dismay at its geopolitical decline, 90–92; French equating of sexual violence to national humiliation, 249–51, 339n84, 339n94; the French man’s shame and rage at not being able to fulfill his task as chef de famille , 86–87, 92, 284nn3–7; French men’s attempt to ignore the Americans’ attitude, 105, 292n137; French men’s response to American “rescue” of their country, 85; French view of America as a wealthy nation ( see American GIs and French civilians); GI condescension of French men, 88–89, 92–95; impact of uncontrolled GI behavior on Franco-American relations, 76–77; influence of perception of French sexual attitudes on the military’s imperialistic view of France, 54–55; parallels between sexual relations and the struggle over people and territory, 192; prostitution’s contribution to American disrespect for the French, 128–29; sexual behavior of French women connected to, 131–32; symbolism of the tonte for, 87–88, 98, 108, 133

French women: connection between their sexual behavior and French national identity, 131–32; deep-seated beliefs in the hypersexuality and debauchery of black men, 204–5; French men’s disgust at the sexual behavior of the women, 129–31, 300n140; GI discomfort with the tonte rituals, 97–98, 288n80; GIs’ view of French women as transferred property, 89; “kissing” photos compared to tonte photos, 80–81; military propagandists leveraging myths about French women to motivate the GIs, 7–9; officers shifting responsibility for infection onto the French, 160, 163–64, 176–77, 178–79, 311n10; presentation of American men and French women in photos, 60–62; prostitution and ( see Parisian prostitutes; prostitution); rape accusers’ motivations for claiming rape, 214–15, 328nn104–10; tonte ritual’s symbolism, 87–88, 98, 108, 133; US Army ignoring the male role in transmission of disease, 178; US rise to power reflected in sexual exploitation of French women, 257

Friang, Brigitte, 104

Frohman, Charles E., 19

Fussell, Paul, 264n20

Galtier-Boissière, Jean, 253

Gantter, Raymond, 29, 157, 166

Gardiner, Asa, 159

Gatti, Coradino, 117

gender damage. See wartime male gender damage

Gerhardt, Charles, 159, 160, 173–75, 310–11n1, 316nn92–93

German women and prostitution, 308n139

Gidon, Marguerite, 244

Giles, Jan, 19, 28, 29, 30, 37, 45, 158

Gilmore, Glenda, 331n177

GI photos: American public’s awareness of the GIs’ bad behavior, 75; American women’s reaction to the photos, 68–72; centrality of gender norms to how Americans treated France, 83–84; consistent denigration of French masculinity by Stars and Stripes , 77–78, 81–83; depiction of a protector role of the United States, 83; eroticization of the liberation by Americans, 64–66, 73; French view of the liberation of Paris, 66–67, 279n29, 280n33; ignoring GIs bonding with children, 62–63; impact of uncontrolled GI behavior on Franco-American relations, 76–77; “kissing” photos compared to tonte photos, 80–81; mapping of sexual relations onto American war aims, 62, 63f, 64; military’s use of pinups as a motivational tool, 61–62, 63f; myth created by the photos, 58–59, 67–68; position as an icon of the liberation of Europe, 57–58, 278nn2–3; post-liberation troubles with the Americans’ behavior, 73–76, 280n42, 280n44, 281nn48–50, 282–83nn60–66; presentation of American men and French women, 60–62; reassurance for the GIs of their manhood, 67–68; Stars and Stripes ’ use of, as an instrument of propaganda, 60, 77–78; technological advances contributing to wartime photojournalism, 59–60; tonte ritual coverage, 78–83, 283n74; unintended consequences of the myth of the manly GI, 9–10

Girard, Lt. Col., 286n29

Gluck, Carol, 260

Goodman, Mark, 118

Gosom, Louis, 315n85

Gourbin, Bernard, 37, 49

Gray, Peyton, 238

Griswold, Alvin, 43

Gubar, Susan, 68, 280n37

Guernier, Georges, 246

Guilloux, Louis, 125, 253–54

Hamel-Hateau, Marcelle, 53, 244

Hansen, Chester, 25, 29, 51, 52, 95, 96, 97, 128, 288n76

Harlinski, Anthony, 51, 92, 119, 122

harlots. See prostitution

Hastie, Henry, 199, 233, 234, 323n23

Haug, Charles, 29

Hauteclocque, François, 30, 39

Havre-éclair, Le , 121, 132, 243

Hawaii, 184–86, 319n156

Hawley, Paul, 190

Health Is Victory , 166

Helm, Dale, 30

Hendricks, James, 211

Henry, Leroy, 231, 232

“Hershey bars,” 126

Hill, Abe, 237

Hilliquin, Roger, 246

Hodes, Martha, 204, 224

Hodges, Joe, 44

Hodulik, Henry, 28

homosexuality in the army, 174–75, 316n97

Hope, Bob, 44

Hopkins, Harry, 311n11

Houston, Eugene, 207, 222, 329n128

Hovsepian, Aramais, 19, 45, 158, 299n107

How to See Paris , 134

Hualla, Lucie, 213

Huntoon, Raymond, 100

Hurkala, John, 27

Ichelson, David, 51, 52, 117, 124, 126, 127, 129, 139, 151, 152, 154

Idle Hours Athletic Club, 186, 310n7

Irgang, Frank, 29, 35

Italy, 163–64

Iwo Jima flag raising (photo), 57, 58, 278n2

Jacqueline, Marie-Madeleine, 117

JAG (Judge Advocate General), 198, 205, 231, 242, 253

Japan, 131, 186, 258, 294n9, 310n6

jeep, 33, 73, 270n120

Jones, James L., 333–34n2

Jordan, Charles H., 207, 209, 326n69, 327n85

Jordan, Chester, 45, 143

Jourdain, Marcel, 40

journal de la Marne, Le , 121, 129, 131

Joyon, Charles, 106

Judge Advocate General (JAG), 198, 205, 231, 242, 253

Juin, Alphonse, 330n150

Kayser, Jacques, 6, 27, 40, 109

Kennedy, Renwick, 128

Kenner, A. W., 167

Knapp, Andrew, 90

Koopman, Norbert, 38

Kovner, Sarah, 186

K rations, 117

Lagarde, Geneviève, 137

Lane, Layle, 200

Larisisien, Clementine, 222

Launay, Marcel, 42

Launey, Jean-Pierre, 27, 49

Leblond, Francine, 38

Le Bourg, Monsieur, 41