Mary Roberts - What Soldiers Do

Amerilots, 103, 104, 108. See also American GIs and French civilians

AMGOT (Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories), 5, 263n6

Anderson, Roy, 207

Anne, Antoine, 24–25, 32, 33

Armagnac, Cécile, 48

Aubéry, Pierre, 109, 113, 125, 131, 152

Aubrac, Lucie, 25

Avignon, Raymond, 26

Bailey, Milbert, 333–34n2

Barbès, Violette de, 148

Battle of Normandy: civilian casualties due to the campaign, 17, 265n8; damage done to lives and towns, 24–27; D-day military casualties, 15; disrespect for civilians by the GIs, 30–31; errors in Ambrose’s portrayals of French civilians, 17–18; French civilians’ reactions to D-day, 20–22; GI prejudices about the French, 19–20, 258, 260; GIs and the Norman children, 37–39, 42–43; GIs’ difficulty with the French language, 43–47; GIs’ dismay at the results of the bombings, 27–30; GIs’ reaction to cultural differences and brought stereotypes, 19–20; GIs’ sense of alienation in France, 18–19; growing anti-Americanism due to the imprecision of the bombing campaign, 22–24, 266n29, 267n35; historians’ marginalization of the French, 16; impression the US military complex made on the Normans, 48–49; legacy of the Normandy landings, 15–16, 265n2; means of communication between civilian and soldier, 47–48; mutual mistrust between the GIs and civilians, 35–36; negative impression made by Norman quality of life on the Americans, 49–54; Norman anguish due to uncertainty of the outcome, 27; Norman memories of the Americans, 33, 39; Normans’ difficulty with the English language, 47; Normans’ exposure to the fighting, 32–34; Normans’ provision of aid to the Americans, 34–35; Normans’ reactions to first seeing Americans, 17; Norman stoicism during, 29, 36–37; Norman treatment of the bodies of German versus American soldiers, 40–42; “perfume of cigarettes,” 42, 227n216; price paid by the population for liberation, 27, 255–56, 268nn73–77; reality of Norman women’s attitude toward sex, 53; remembrances of the smell of death, 39–40; resurfacing of historical racial prejudices of the French, 257–58; sounds of war, 31–32; tastes associated with the liberation, 42–43; violence against the civilian population in Le Havre, 74–75

Baxter, John, 18

Bazin, Charles-Henri-Guy, 103–4, 105, 106

Béchot, Michel, 120

Bell, Leonard, 207, 221, 329n123

Belpulsi, Peter, 46, 61, 117, 118, 122, 134

Bertier, Jean-Charles, 130

Bertreux, Chanoine, 33

Berube, Alan, 174

Bigeon, Suzanne, 250

Bistrica, John, 96

Black, Timuel, 219

black market: civilian awe at American food supplies, 117; interactions based on cigarettes’ popularity, 118–20, 296n52; kinship with prostitution, 125–26; levels of operation during the war, 116; mutually beneficial trading, 117–18

black soldiers. See African American soldiers

black terror on the Bocage : absence of rape cases in Paris, 242, 335n26; American “invasion” symbolized by black soldiers, 247; French critiques of the military court system, 252–53; French equating of sexual violence to national humiliation, 249–51, 339n84, 339n94; French history of power dynamics based on sex and white supremacy, 247–49, 337n65, 338n68; French reaction to the swiftness of rape convictions, 252–54; prevalence of rumors in rural France, 241–42; racial prejudice of the French, 240, 243; rape hysteria in the provinces, 243, 245–47, 336n31; resurfacing of historical racial prejudices of the French, 257–58; spread of fear of African American soldiers in Normandy, 244–45, 336n37, 336nn50–51; widespread reports and fear of rapes in France, 239–40, 333n2

Blaise, Louis, 35, 40

blond cigarettes, 118–19

Blue and Gray Corral, 159, 310n3, 319n161

Blum, Léon, 106, 292n144

Boesch, Paul, 29, 53, 119

Boislambert, Claude Hettier de, 31

boîtes aux soldats (factories of love), 140

boniches , 130–31, 132

Bonifas, Aimé, 102, 104

Bonner, Walter, 165

Boudier, Norman Yves, 243

Bourdon, Claude, 24

Bourret, Victor, 284n7

Bowen, Sidney, 28

Bradley, Omar, 174

Braley, Michel, 32, 34, 48

Bré, Gilles, 38

Bridges, Tommy, 224

Brinton, Crane, 90–91

Broadus, Ora B., 218

Broeckz, Fernand, 32

brothels. See military’s view of prostitution

Brown, Walter, 122, 126, 134, 157, 221

Bruller, Jean (Vercors), 284n6

Brunet, Abbé, 268n74

Brunsell, William, 134, 172

Bryder, Linda, 320n180

Bureau, Jacques, 102, 103

Burgett, Donald, 35

CA (Civil Affairs), 6, 24, 124

Cagny, Bernard and Solange de, 31

Camp Philip Morris, 293n170

Cane, Lawrence, 49, 97–98, 117

Capa, Robert, 79

Capell, Jack, 122, 150

Cardot, Robert, 104–5

Castex, André, 102

Caussé, Georges, 103, 105

Cazaux, Yves, 98

Ce soir , 67, 123

CFLN (French Committee of National Liberation), 5, 23, 263n7

Champs Elysées, 150

Chamson, André, 86

Chauffier, Louis Martin, 91

chef de famille role of French men, 86–87, 92, 284nn3–7

Chevalier, Louis, 296n93

Chevance-Bertin, Maurice, 76

chewing gum, 42–43, 274n216

Chicago Defender , 232, 238

children: French civilians’ outcries against public prostitution, 188; GI photos ignoring GIs bonding with children, 62–63; GIs’ relationships with the Norman children, 37–39, 42–43, 47

chocolate, 35, 42, 47, 122

Churchill, Winston, 5

cigarettes: GIs profiting from, 122; interactions based on cigarettes’ popularity, 118–20, 296n52; shift in meaning as a token of friendship, 125; use as tools of corruption, 122

Civil Affairs (CA), 6, 24, 124

Clarkson, Karl, 51, 52, 152

Clausse, Robert, 33

Cointré, Marie-Thèrése, 133, 137–38, 142, 145–46, 147, 150, 152, 154

Coletti, James, 124

Communications Zone (ComZ), 202–4

condoms distribution by the army, 168, 171

Conversy, Marcel, 102

Cooper, John David, 210

Copans, Sim, 25

Costigliola, Frank, 128

Couillard, Auguste, 33

Coulet, François, 6, 264n11

Crayton, Corporal, 28

Crisis, The , 232, 331n177

Curtis, Jean-Louis, 100

Dabrin, Henri, 246

Daladier, Edouard, 103

Damsky, Bert, 126, 128, 166

Dargols, Sergeant, 53

Davis, Arthur E., 207, 326n69

Davis, Benjamin O., 234–35, 329n142, 332n191

Davis, John, 207, 209, 327n85

Davison, Tommie, 222

“Dear John” letters, 68

Debû-Bridel, Jacques, 87

de Gaulle, Charles, 5, 6, 90, 91, 130, 162, 177, 263n7, 311n11

Delpierre, Christiane, 38, 47, 117

Denis, Christianne, 119

Dépériers, Madame, 35

Dernier Village, Le (Chamson), 86

Déroute (Debû-Bridel), 87

Des Moines Register , 68

Desprairies, Pierre, 32

Destors, Madame, 39

Devers, Jacob, 162

displaced person (DP) girls, 105, 292n140

Dold-Lomet, Madame, 25

Dower, John, 131

Downes, William, 210

Duckett, Alfred, 219

Dufaut, Victor, 105

Dufour, Abbé, 119

Duhamel, George, 24, 131

Dumbarton Oaks, 90, 91

Dunn, John, 172

Dutourd, Jean, 87, 284n5

Eames, Warren, 108

Earle, John, 122, 124

Eastland, James O., 235–36, 333nn196–200

Easton, Robert, 28, 89, 92

Edinger, Joseph, 37, 44

eggs market, 118

Eighty-Second Airborne Division, 15, 34

Eisenhower, Dwight, 60, 227

Eisenstaedt, Alfred, 258

Enderton, Herbert, 30

Eudes, Odette, 34

Eudier, Louis, 107

European Theater of Operations (ETO), 18, 162, 195, 196, 198, 199, 201, 209, 213, 225, 233, 235, 240