Mary Roberts - What Soldiers Do

Peters, Robert, 94, 127, 150, 166, 175

Petesch, Angela, 50

Petit, Jacques, 25, 32, 39, 42, 47, 241

Phenix, John, 215

Philippe, Danièle, 36, 39, 47, 49, 243, 274n203

Pinard, Marcel, 140

Pitt, Roxanne, 137

Pittsburgh Courier , 233, 331n177

Plano, Jack, 45, 115, 128, 141, 144, 153

Pocket Guide to France , 53

Popineau, Jacques, 48

populaire, Le , 130

Pottier, Marguerite, 33, 34

presse cherbourgeoise, La , 239, 241

propaganda by the military: alleged German rapes used to create a moral imperative for war, 87, 285n12; army’s fear of scandal over the management of prostitution, 186–87, 319n161; censorship used to hide the rape problem from the American public, 229–30; military propagandists leveraging myths about French women to motivate the GIs, 7–9; military’s use of pinups as a motivational tool for the GIs, 61–62, 63f; photos of GIs used to create an image ( see GI photos); policy of secrecy regarding indiscrete overseas activities, 187; rape’s threatening of America’s carefully presented image, 228–29, 330nn155–56; as supported by newspapers (see Stars and Stripes )

pro stations, 168–69, 171

prostitution: army’s response to ( see military’s view of prostitution); connection between the sexual behavior of the women and French national identity, 131–32; contribution to American disrespect for the French, 128–29; French disgust at the sexual behavior of the women, 129–31, 300n140; French view of prostitutes, 115–16; GIs’ contemptuous view of the women, 127–28, 299n107; kinship with the black market, 125–26; money measured in terms of sex, 126, 296n93; in Paris ( see Parisian prostitutes); robustness of the market for, 122–23; willingness of the women, 126–27

Pyle, Ernie, 37, 50, 64, 118, 138

Quillen, Bill, 44

Quillien, Maurice, 31

Quonian, Denise, 216–17

racialization of rape: accusers’ motivations for claiming rape, 214–15, 328nn104–10; advantages of due process for white accused, 218–19; African Americans’ belief in a “special” relationship with the French people, 236–38, 333n205; American investigators’ readiness to assume a black assailant, 212–13; assignment of black soldiers to service units, 202; black leaders exposing racially motivated convictions, 230–33, 331n177, 331n183; black soldiers’ vulnerability in the court system, 208, 326n76; censorship used to hide the rape problem from the American public, 229–30; circumstances behind the ComZ statistics about rape, 202–4; common failure to conduct an adequate medical exam, 214, 327n99; courts’ deference to white women accusing black soldiers, 211–12; deep-seated beliefs in the hypersexuality and debauchery of black men, 204–5; disproportionate number of black soldiers convicted of sexual assault, 195–96, 320–21nn1–5; explanation for the harsher sentences given to black men, 223–24, 329n135; geographic distribution of rapes, 208, 326–27n78; military court system for rape trials, 206–8, 325–26nn66–69; military’s construction of rape as a fact of racial depravity, 227–29; military’s denial and hiding of any racial discrimination, 233–35, 332nn188–90; military’s use of public hangings as a demonstration of its power, 226; mind-set contributing to black convictions, 223; miscommunication problem, 220–23; problem of accurate identification of the accused, 208–13; problem of witness credibility, 213–20; prosecutors’ assumptions of guilt and failure to verify credibility, 215–18, 222–23, 238n113; punishments for rape, 223–27; questions about, 196–97; racial tensions surrounding interracial socializing, 201; rape’s threatening of America’s carefully presented image, 228–29, 330nn155–56; reactions to Eastland’s reports of rapes by blacks, 235–36, 333nn196–200; results of behavioral assumptions by both black soldiers and French women, 220–21; segregationist policies and practices in the military, 200–201, 323n25, 323n31; standard of proof for rape in a military court, 213–14; time between formal charges and trial, 207, 326n69; uniquely American problem of GI promiscuity, 227, 329n148; War Department’s discriminatory treatment of black soldiers, 199, 323n23; white soldiers leveraging prejudices against blacks, 219–20

rape: French prejudices against blacks reflected in accusations of ( see black terror on the Bocage ); in the Pacific Theater, 322n13; rape waves in the ETO, 197–98, 322n10, 322n13, 322nn16–17; statistics in France, 195, 321n1. See also military court system for rape trials; racialization of rape

Rasmus, Robert, 29

RECCE, 285n18

Red Ball Express, 202

Reeves, Maurice, 213

Resistance, the. See French Forces of the Interior (FFI)

Richards, Marthe, 138, 141

Richmond African American , 237

Rising Wind, A (White), 233, 234

Rist, E., 142

Roeder, George, 230

Roger, Philippe, 320n186

Rogers, Edward, 36

Rooney, Andy, 26, 27, 45, 60

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 5, 90, 199

Rorie, Henry, 207, 216–17

Rose, Sonya, 315n76, 316n97

Rouvrière, Marie, 215

Rudesal, James P., 209

Ryan, Robert, 119

Sacco, Jack, 94, 220

Saint-Lô, France, 25

Sampson, Francis, 37

Sanders, James, 207

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 284n5

Saylor, Thomas, 127

Scheiber, Alfred, 129, 131

Schrijvers, Peter, 329n135

Scott, Richard, 222

“Scottsboro” cases, 233, 331n177

Scully, Pamela, 337n65

Seale, Robert, 143, 186, 310n7

Second French Armed Division, 95

Sédouy, Jacques-Alain de, 17, 103, 120

Seligman, Françoise, 20

Service du travail obligataire (STO), 104

SHAEF. See Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces

Shapiro, Murray, 144, 150, 154, 168–69, 186

Siegfried, André, 9, 256, 264n18

Signoret, Simone, 117

silence de la mer, Le (Vercors), 86, 268n77

silver foxhole, the. See Parisian prostitutes

Simon, Robert, 25

Skin, The (Malaparte), 293n171

Skinner, Robert, 209

Smith, Grant, 210

Smith, Jean Edward, 263n7

“Soldier and Girl” (photo), 69f

Sontag, Susan, 278n3

Stanislawa, Hus, 211, 212, 327n95

Starr, Wilbur, 329n131

Stars and Stripes : consistent denigration of French masculinity, 77, 81–83; depiction of a protector role of the United States, 83; equating of territorial conquest with sexual conquest, 67; eroticization of French women thanking the GIs, 73; eroticization of the liberation of Paris by Americans, 65–66; mapping of sexual relations onto American war aims, 62, 64; negative impression of Norman quality of life reported in, 50; portrayal of the FFI as buffoons, 77, 78f; publishing of the GI photo, 57, 60; reports on prostitution in Paris, 151; symbolic effect of the prevalence of women in liberation photos, 61–62, 279n15; tonte ritual coverage, 78–83, 283n74; use as an instrument of propaganda, 60

Stewart, Leroy, 50, 94, 119, 124, 150

STO (Service du travail obligataire), 104

Stoler, Ann, 337n65

Stouffer, Samuel A., 264n17

Striggle, Joseph, 210–11

Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces (SHAEF), 95, 96, 163, 165–67, 171, 172, 177, 186, 224, 226, 229, 231, 234–36, 242, 252, 254, 285n18

Tanaka, Yuki, 310n6

taxis de la Marne, Les (Dutourd), 87

Taylor, Charles, 50, 51, 54, 134

Teton, Wilford, 207, 213

“Times Square Kiss” (photo), 258, 259f, 339n3

Tocqueville, Comtesse de, 39

Toles, Edward, 235, 237, 332n193

Tomas, Salvador, 201

tonte ritual: coverage of, in the press, 78–83, 283n74; GI discomfort with, 97–98, 288n80; reflection on the French men, 98; symbolism of, for French men, 87–88, 108, 133