Mary Roberts - What Soldiers Do

Lecadet, Guillaume, 27

Leclerc, General, 64

Lee, John, 233

Lee, Ulysses, 203

Le Havre, France: destruction done to, by bombing campaign, 24, 246; mayor’s complaints about the soldiers, 1–2; mayor’s proposal of a military-regulated sex trade, 181–84, 318n147; military ignoring the public sex problem, 2; popularity of the town for prostitutes, 179–80; problem of dealing with infected women, 191; problem of sexual tensions between French and American men, 109–10; prostitution regulation difficulties, 180–81, 318n122; residents’ complaints about the situation, 181, 318n138; use of GI camps for prostitution, 180, 318n129; violence against the civilian population by the GIs, 74–75; Weed’s response to Voisin’s proposal, 183–84, 319n153

Lelouey, Jules, 216–17

Lemeland, Charles, 26, 32, 38

Lentz-Smith, Adriane, 236, 333n205

Lepage, Jacques, 31, 33

Lepottevin, Marie, 210

Lessafre, Robert, 105

Letellier, Roger, 218

Letourneur, Christian, 40

“Let’s Look at Rape” pamphlet, 224–26, 329n142

Levasseur, Simone, 255

Levoy, Fernand, 119

Levrault, Angèle, 15

Libération soir , 138

Life magazine, 2, 28, 60, 68, 70–71f, 75, 132, 300n145

Lilly, Robert, 220, 321n1

Logrippo, Gerald A., 173

Loisel, René, 128

Look magazine, 60

looting by GIs, 73, 280n44

Lovett, R. B., 186

Lovry, Zozet, 211–12

Lyddon, Donald, 98

Lyon, Allan, 51

Maginnis, John J., 95, 120, 127, 143

Maginot Line, 94

maisons closes , 135–36

maisons de massage , 151

maisons de tolérance , 135–36

Malaparte, Curzio, 293n171

Malraux, André, 284n5

marché noir, le . See black market

Maresquier, Augustin, 24

Marie, Alfred, 49

Marie-Claire , 130

Marthe Richard Law, 138

Martin, Germaine, 35

Mauldin, Bill, 2, 3f, 46, 81, 82f, 93, 170, 286n42, 315n70

May Act, 163

McCloy, John J., 263n7

McConahey, Bill, 122, 126, 135

McDaniel, Edward H., 173, 176

Meissner, William, 126

Mesnil, Yvette, 337n62

Messore, Joseph, 44, 45

Michel, André, 103, 106

military court system for rape trials: black leaders exposing racially motivated convictions, 230–33, 331n177, 331n183; black soldiers’ vulnerability in the court system, 208, 326n76; French critiques of, 252–53; military’s construction of rape as a fact of racial depravity, 227–29; mind-set contributing to black convictions, 223; process used, 206–8, 325–26nn66–69; prosecutors’ assumptions of guilt and failure to verify credibility, 215–18, 222–23, 238n113; punishments for rape, 223–27; standard of proof for rape in a military court, 213–14; time between formal charges and trial, 207, 326n69

Military Justice for the Field Soldier (Wiener), 326n68

military’s view of prostitution: army efforts to reduce exposure to VD, 166–69, 314n50, 314n56; army leaders’ support for military brothels, 159–60, 310nn6–7; army officers blaming French women for infecting US soldiers, 160, 163–64, 176–79, 311n10; army officers ignoring the “off-limits” order regarding prostitution, 172–73, 315n82; army officers’ motivation to conceal VD cases, 172; army’s failure to trace sexual contacts, 169; army’s fear of homosexuality, 174–75, 316n97; army’s fear of scandal over the management of prostitution, 186–87, 319n161; asymmetries in attitudes toward France versus other countries, 189–90; basis of the soaring rates of VD infection, 167; belief that prostitution could prevent rape, 174, 316n90; brothels in Honolulu, 184–85, 319n156; concern over venereal disease’s impact on war readiness, 162–63; conflicting messages sent by the War Department to personnel, 171, 175–76, 315n74, 315n76; Corral establishment, 159, 310nn1–5; differences between the French and Hawaiian situations, 185–86; failings of French medical care for prostitutes, 177–78; French anti-Americanism and, 192, 230n186; French civilians’ outcries against public prostitution, 187–88; Gerhardt’s rationale for and defense of the Corral brothel, 173–75, 316nn92–93; ignoring of the male role in transmission of disease, 178; in Le Havre ( see Le Havre, France); parallels between sexual relations and the struggle over people and territory, 192; policy of secrecy regarding indiscrete overseas activities, 187; postliberation initial designation of segregated brothels, 169, 315n66; postwithdrawal continuation of prostitution, 189; problem of dealing with infected women, 191; racist basis of attitude toward African American soldiers, 164–65, 312nn30–31; soldiers’ complaints about condoms and pro stations, 168–69; successful avoidance of MPs by the GIs, 169–71, 315n70; symbolic connection between VD and Allied anxieties, 165–66; symbolism of prostitution regarding American virility, 164; US military’s insistence on a right to manage sexual commerce, 160–62, 311nn11–12

Miller, Arthur, 128

Monod, Claude, 101

Moorehead, Alan, 36, 116

Morin, Monsieur, 40, 41, 48

Morot, 159

Morris, Gilles, 109, 114, 125, 253

Morris-Dumoulin, Gilles, 293n170

Morrison, Alan, 203, 208

Morse, Ralph, 68, 69f, 258

MPs, 155–56

Munholland, Kim, 330n163

Murphy, Robert M., 15

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 199, 231, 233

Nelson, Keith, 251

New York Amsterdam News , 232, 237

Nicolle, Jacques, 119, 296n52

Nidub, André, 102

Normandy landings. See Battle of Normandy

Office of Censorship, 230

Office of War Information (OWI), 228

Ok, Joe (Guilloux), 253–54

101st Airborne, 34

112 Gripes about the French , 127, 128, 144

On Photography (Sontag), 278n3

Otts, Lee, 47

Ouest-France , 121

OWI (Office of War Information), 228

Pacary, Arthur and Berthe, 34

Pacific Theater, 322n13

Page, Getty, 124

panpans , 131

Panther Tracks , 115

Parisian prostitutes: acceptance of a new culture of prostitution, 156–57; accounts of GI violence against prostitutes, 146–47, 306nn99–101; attempts to look rich in appearance, 142–43; attempts to maintain the integrity of the brothels, 139; bypassing of legal brothels by GIs, 139–40; communication challenges, 152–53, 308n139; corruption among the police, 154–55; cost of a prostitute, 153–54, 308n153, 308n155; dependence on police and MPs for safety, 148, 307n110; economic factors forcing women into prostitution, 143–44; failings of the French medical care for prostitutes, 177–78; GIs’ collusion with the prostitutes, 155–56; GI’s ease in finding women, 149–51, 307n115; legality of prostitution in France, 135–36; measures taken to protect themselves, 147–48, 307n110; misconduct by, 149; Nazi brothel system, 136–37, 302n29; Paris’s reputation as a place for sex, 133–35, 300n3; pickup process, 151–52; political reasons for the end of legal prostitution, 138; postliberation growth in number of illegal

Parisian prostitutes ( continued ) prostitutes, 137–38; prevalence of venereal disease, 135, 140; profile of, 141–42, 304n62, 305n71; prostitutes aiding the Allies, 137; prostitutes’ willingness to work outside the regulations, 140, 304n58; psychology of the GI craving for sex, 157–58; switch from German to American soldiers, 133–34; system of money and barter, 153; vulnerability of the freelance prostitute, 145–46

parisien libéré, Le , 66, 67

Parrott, James, 210

Patton, George, 160, 172

Peronneau, Madeleine, 214

Perret, Jacques, 17, 31