Richard Overy - The Bombing War

224. Joris van Esch, ‘Restrained Policy and Careless Execution: Allied Strategic Bombing on The Netherlands in the Second World War’, US School of Advanced Military Studies, Fort Leavenworth, KS (2011), 35–6.

225. Altes, Luchtgevaar , 167–9.

226. LC, Eaker papers, Box I/20, Eaker to Portal, 28 Jul 1943; TNA, AIR 19/218, Portal to Eaker, 25 Jul 1943.

227. Pieter Serrien, ‘Bombardementen in België tijdens WOII’, in http://pieterserrien.wordpress.com/2010/10/11.

228. Esch, ‘Restrained Policy and Careless Execution’, 37–8.

229. B. A. Sijes, De Razzia van Rotterdam 10–11 November 1944 (Gravenhage: 1951), 27–9.

230. On aircraft see Overy, ‘The Luftwaffe and the European Economy’, 58–60.

231. NARA, T901, Roll 2018, Reichsgruppe Industrie, ‘Anlagen zu den Ergebnissen der Industrieberichterstattung: Belgien, Oktober 1943’; ibid., ‘Niederlande, November 1943’.

232. Altes, Luchtgevaar , 334–6.

233. Netherlands Institute of War Documentation, Amsterdam, File 222, Haagische Courant , 30 May 1944; Het Nieuws van den Dag , 30 Jan 1942.

234. TNA, FO 898/234, Stockholm Despatch to PWE, 25 Nov 1943 (based on information from a Dutch visitor to Sweden).

235. AFHRA, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, 519.12535, ‘Heavy Bombers: Targets in Low Countries’.

236. Serrien, ‘Bombardementen in België’, 2–3.

237. Esch, ‘Restrained Policy and Careless Execution’, 39–44; Altes, Luchtgevaar , 189–98, 203–2. The figure of 800 dead includes those classified as missing, those who died of wounds and a number of German personnel.

238. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 157, PWB chief, Leaflet Section, to Bruce Lockhart (PWE), 22 Apr 1944; Esch, ‘Restrained Policy and Careless Execution’, 43–4.

239. Henrik Kristensen, Claus Kofoed, Frank Weber, Vestallierede luftangreb i Danmark under 2. Verdenskrig , 2 vols (Aarhus: 1988), vol 2, 731–2.

240. Ibid., 742–3, 745–7, 748.

241. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 67, ‘Status of Combined Bomber Offensive: First Phase, April 1–August 31 [1943]’.

242. TNA, AIR 2/8002, memorandum by the Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1 Dec 1943; Laurence Collier (FO) to Eden, 26 Nov 1943.

243. Ibid., Air Ministry, ‘Priority Targets in Norway’ [n.d. but Apr 1944]; Norwegian High Command, ‘Comments on Priority Targets in Norway’, 31 May 1944.

244. Ibid., Norwegian Embassy to Air Ministry, 2 Nov 1944; Norwegian Embassy to Collier, 13 Dec 1944; Maurice Dean (Air Ministry) to Foreign Office, 11 Jan 1945; on the raid, Martin Middlebrook, Chris Everitt, The Bomber Command War Diaries (Leicester: 2000), 609.

245. AFHRA, Disc MAAF/233, HQ MAAF, Intelligence Section, ‘V-Weapons’, 27 Mar 1945; Altes, Luchtgevaar , 302–3; TNA, AIR 37/999, SHAEF Air Defense Division, ‘An Account of the Continental Crossbow Operation 1944–1945’, 1, 13.

246. Serrien, ‘Bombardementen in België’, 3.

247. CCAC, Hodsoll papers, HDSL 5/4, Sir John Hodsoll, ‘Review of Civil Defence 1944’, 1, 13; TNA, AIR 37/999, ‘Continental Crossbow’, 24.

248. TNA, AIR 37/999, SHAEF, ‘Continental Crossbow’, 7–9, 19–20, 23.

249. Serrien, ‘Bombardementen in België’, 1, 3–4.

250. Altes, Luchtgevaar , 293; Esch, ‘Restrained Policy and Careless Execution’, 45–7.

251. Altes, Luchtgevaar , 324; Esch, ‘Restrained Policy and Careless Execution’, 5. The figure of 8,000 was calculated by the Netherlands Institute of War Documentation, Amsterdam. Uncertainty over the exact figure derives partly from the difficulty in distinguishing between deaths from aerial bombing and deaths from artillery bombardment or ground strafing.

252. TNA, AIR 2/7894, Arthur Street (Air Ministry) to Orme Sargent (FO), ‘Draft Broadcast to the Dutch People’, 21 Mar 1945; E. Michiels van Verduynen (Dutch ambassador) to Eden, 15 June 1945.

253. Ibid., Street to Alexander Cadogan (FO), 30 June 1945.

254. Ibid., Mary C. van Pesch-Wittop Koning to King George VI, 20 Dec 1945.

255. Ibid., A. Rumbold (FO) to M. Low (Air Ministry), 4 Mar 1946; Low to Rumbold, 18 Mar 1946.

256. TNA, AIR 19/218, Sinclair to Eden, 5 June 1943; Eden to Sinclair, 11 June 1943.

1. John K. Galbraith, A Life in Our Times: A Memoir (London: 1981), 219, 240.

2. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 84, Brig. Gen. John Samford to USAAF Director of Information, 20 Sept 1946.

3. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/29, ACAS (Ops) to Zuckerman, ‘Comments by Sir John Slessor’, 14 Jan 1947, 1–2.

4. Royal Society, London, Blackett papers, PB/4/4, ‘Note on the Use of the Bomber Force’ [spring 1942], 1.

5. TNA, AIR 20/8693, Testimony of Hermann Wilhelm Göring at Nürnberg, 6 Apr 1945, interrogation by Hilary St George Saunders (a later official historian of the RAF).

6. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 134, USSBS Interview no. 8, Lt. Gen. Karl Koller, 23–24 May 1945, 3.

7. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/29, ‘Comments by Sir John Slessor’, 3.

8. TNA, AIR 14/739A, Portal to Harris, 4 Mar 1944; HQ Bomber Command, Air Intelligence Section, ‘Progress of RAF Bomber Offensive Against German Industry’, 19 Feb 1944, 4.

9. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 134, Excerpt from the Interrogation of General Koller, 25 Sept 1945, 3.

10. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/28, minute for Air Commodore Pelly, 3 Jan 1946.

11. TNA, AIR 14/1779, Air Warfare Analysis Section paper, Feb 1945, 1.

12. CamUL, Andrew Boyle papers, Add 9429/2c, Conversation with Harris, 18 July 1979.

13. Michael Neufeld, ‘The Guided Missile and the Third Reich: Peenemünde and the Forging of a Technological Revolution’, in Monika Renneberg, Mark Walker (eds), Science, Technology and National Socialism (Cambridge: 1994), 64–6.

14. NARA, RG 107/138, Statistical Control Division, ‘One Million Tons of Bombs’, 30 Sept 1944.

15. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/58, Bottomley (DCAS) to Portal, 3 Apr 1945, ‘Area Bombing’, 1.

16. Royal Society, London, Blackett papers, PB/4/2, John Jewkes to Blackett, 3 Oct 1939, encl. ‘A Note on Economic Intelligence Service in Connection with Air Warfare’, 2, 4.

17. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 134, USSBS Interview no. 8, 2.

18. NC, Cherwell papers, G195, Cherwell to Churchill, 6 Nov 1942.

19. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/103, Nicholas Kaldor, ‘The Nature of Strategic Bombing’ [n.d. but 1945].

20. Ibid., 4.

21. Ibid., SZ/BBSU/1, Interview with Kesselring, 23 Aug 1945, 3.

22. Ibid., SZ/BBSU/90, Transcript of conversation between Lord Zuckerman and Albert Speer, Heidelberg, 28–29 Aug 1974, 4, 6; Notes of a meeting with Albert Speer, 28–29 Aug 1974, 4–6.

23. Royal Society, London, Blackett papers, PB/4/2, Note by P. S. Blackett, 18 July 1936, 2.

24. CCO, Portal papers, Folder 2/File 2, Churchill to Portal, 7 Oct 1941, 2.

25. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/29, ‘Comments by Sir John Slessor’, 2.

26. NC, Cherwell papers, G193, Cherwell to Tizard, 22 Apr 1942; G192, ‘City of Birmingham: Effects of Air Raids on Dwelling House Property’, 12 Feb 1942.

27. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/BBSU/29, ‘Comments by Sir John Slessor’, 2.

28. Steven Brakman, Harry Garretsen, Marc Schramm, ‘The Strategic Bombing of German Cities during World War II and its Impact on City Growth’, Journal of Economic Geography , 4 (2004), 201–18, who conclude that the evidence for the German Federal Republic shows ‘that large, temporary shocks will have at most a temporary impact’.

29. FDRL, Map Room Files, Box 72, OSS Report 49, ‘Germany: Air Bombardment and Morale’, 11 Aug 1943; Report 60, 17 Sept 1943.