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Richard Overy - The Bombing War

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Название:
The Bombing War
Автор:
Richard Overy
Издательство:
Allen Lane
Жанр:
military_history / на английском языке
Год:
2013
Город:
London
ISBN:
978-0-141-92782-4
Рейтинг книги:
3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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The ultimate history of the Blitz and bombing in the Second World War, from Wolfson Prize-winning historian and author Richard Overy The use of massive fleets of bombers to kill and terrorize civilians was an aspect of the Second World War which continues to challenge the idea that Allies specifically fought a ‘moral’ war. For Britain, bombing became perhaps its principal contribution to the fighting as, night after night, exceptionally brave men flew over occupied Europe destroying its cities.
The Bombing War The result is the author’s masterpiece – a rich, gripping, picture of the Second World War and the terrible military, technological and ethical issues that relentlessly drove all its participants into an abyss.
[Contain tables. Best viewed with CoolReader.]

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172. Ibid., ‘Memorandum on the Russian Petroleum Industry in the Caucasus’, App E, ‘Calculation of Effort’; Cooke, Nesbit, Target: Hitler’s Oil , 49–51.

173. TNA, 9/138, letter from E. A. Berthoud (British Embassy, Cairo) to HQ RAF Middle East, 13 June 1941; Air Ministry (Plans) to HQ RAF Middle East, 13 June 1941; Air Ministry to British C-in-C (India) [n.d. but June 1941].

174. TNA, PREM 3/374/6, HQ RAF Middle East to Air Marshal Evill, 14 June 1942.

175. TNA, FO 898/176, PWB, Allied Forces HQ, ‘Psychological Warfare in the Mediterranean Theater’, 31 Aug 1945, 4–5, 15.

176. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 157, Col. Earl Thomson to Director of Intelligence, USSTAF Europe, 1 Feb 1944.

177. Ibid., Box 157, Carl Spaatz article for Air Force Star , ‘Leaflets: An Important Weapon of Total War’, 5.

178. Ibid., Box 157, Lt. Col. Lindsey Braxton to Spaatz [n.d. but Feb 1944]; Thomson to Director of Intelligence, USSTAF, 1 Feb 1944. For an example of whole bundles falling see TNA, FO 898/437, H. Knatchbull-Hugesson (British Embassy, Ankara) to Ministry of Information, 18 Jan 1944, on Bulgarian leaflets.

179. TNA, FO 898/176, ‘Psychological Warfare in the Mediterranean Theater’, 31 Aug 1945, 14; FO 898/318, Dr Vojacek to PWE, 19 Feb 1943; Dr Vojacek to PWE, 11 Jan 1943.

180. TNA, FO 898/318, memorandum by Elizabeth Barker (PWE), ‘Probable Effects of Intensified Large-Scale Bombing of Densely Populated Areas in South-Eastern Europe’, 26 Jan 1944; PWE memorandum, ‘The Bombing of Romania, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Jugoslavia’ [n.d.].

181. TNA, FO 898/318, PWE Regional Director (Czechoslovakia) to Calder, 25 Jan 1944.

182. TNA, FO 898/437, Wing Commander Burt-Andrews to Elizabeth Barker, 10 Dec 1943; FO 898/318, Barker memorandum, 26 Jan 1944, 2.

183. Charles Webster, Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–1945 , 4 vols (London: 1961), vol 4, 508–9, 518.

184. TNA, AIR 20/3238, HQ RAF Middle East to Air Ministry, 26 Apr 1942; Air Ministry memorandum, ‘Tactical Appreciation on the Interruption of Axis Supplies of Oil from Romania’, 21 Dec 1942; Churchill to Portal, 28 Feb 1943; Portal to Churchill, 9 Mar 1943.

185. TNA, PREM 3/374/6, Churchill to Eden, 10 Mar 1943; Ismay to Churchill, 18 May 1943; Eisenhower to CCS, 25 May 1943.

186. TNA, AIR 20/3238, Air Ministry to Mediterranean Air Command, 31 May 1943; Portal to Tedder, 2 June 1943.

187. TNA, AIR 20/3238, Eisenhower to CCS, 25 May 1943; PREM 3/374/6, minute by Ismay, 19 June 1943; Ismay to Churchill, 23 June 1943.

188. TNA, AIR 20/3238, Lt. Col. W. Forster to E. Berthoud (Cairo Embassy), 3 Aug 1943.

189. Cooke, Nesbit, Target: Hitler’s Oil , 86–7.

190. TNA, AIR 20/3238, HQ RAF Middle East to Air Ministry, 3 Aug 1943; Report, ‘Bombing of Roumanian Oilfields’, 9 Aug 1943. For details of both raids see Wesley F. Craven, James L. Cate, The Army Air Forces in World War II: Europe: Torch to Pointblank (Chicago, IL: 1949), 481–4; Cooke, Nesbit, Target: Hitler’s Oil , 89–96.

191. TNA, AIR 20/3238, H. Knatchbull-Hugesson to the Foreign Office, 8 Aug 1943.

192. AFHRA, Disc MAAF/233, HQ MAAF, ‘Notes on Strategic Bombardment Conference, Gibraltar, 8–10 November 1943’, 11 Nov 1943, 2; Richard G. Davis, Bombing the European Axis Powers: A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive, 1939–1945 (Maxwell AFB, AL: 2006), 322–4.

193. FDRL, Map Room Files, Box 136, Arnold to Spaatz, 17 Mar 1944; CoS to Wilson and Spaatz, 22 Mar 1944; AFHRA, Disc MAAF/233, Air Ministry to Eaker, 11 Apr 1944.

194. Akten zur Deutschen auswärtigen Politik: Serie E, Band VIII: 1 Mai 1944 bis 8 Mai 1945 (Göttingen: 1979), 99–100, Joachim von Ribbentrop to Bucharest Embassy, 6 June 1944.

195. ADAP: Serie E, Band VIII , 114, OKW to Ambassador Ritter, 7 June 1944 (appointment from 4 June 1944).

196. TNA, AIR 23/7776, Fifteenth Air Force, ‘The Air Battle of Ploesti’, Mar 1945, 2, 6, 61–8, 81.

197. Cooke, Nesbit, Target: Hitler’s Oil , 105–6; AFRHA, Disc MAAF/233, HQ MAAF, Operation Order for Mining the Danube, 25 Apr 1944.

198. ADAP: Serie E, Band VIII , 383–4, Budapest Embassy to the German Foreign Office, 30 Aug 1944; Karl-Heinz Frieser (ed), DRZW: Band 8: Die Ostfront 1943/44 (Stuttgart: 2007), 782–800.

199. NARA, RG 107, Lovett papers, Box 28, Eaker to Robert Lovett, 18 Sept 1944; FDRL, President’s Secretary’s Files, Box 82, Arnold to Roosevelt, 22 Sept 1944.

200. TNA, WO 204/1068, Air Ministry to Air Force HQ, Algiers, 4 Apr 1944.

201. AFHRA, MAAF/233, HQ MAAF, Intelligence Section, ‘The Balkan Situation – Possibilities of Air Attack’, 24 Apr 1944, 13.

202. Ibid., Portal to Spaatz and Wilson, 30 May 1944.

203. NARA, RG 107, Box 28, Eaker to Lovett, 18 Sept 1944, 2–3; Davis, Bombing the European Axis Powers , 323.

204. AFHRA, Disc MAAF/233, HQ MAAF, Intelligence Section, ‘Priority List of Strategic Targets in MAAF Area’, 31 July 1944.

205. Ibid., HQ MAAF, Operational Instruction 111, 21 Mar 1945, 1–2.

206. Ibid., HQ MAAF, cypher message to all air staff, 24 Apr 1944. See too John Deane, The Strange Alliance: The Story of American Efforts at Wartime Co-operation with Russia (London: 1947), 128–9.

207. TNA, AIR 20/3229, HQ MAAF to Air Ministry, 9 Nov 1944; JSM Washington to AMSSO (Moscow), 19 Nov 1944; Deane, The Strange Alliance , 132–4.

208. TNA, AIR, 20/3229 Spaatz to Arnold, 29 Nov 1944; US Joint Chiefs to John Deane, Military Mission, Moscow; Joint Planning Staff memorandum, ‘Co-ordination of Allied Operations’, 23 Jan 1945.

209. FDRL, President’s Secretary’s Files, Box 82, Arnold to Roosevelt, 17 Sept 1944, 2.

210. Gordon Daniels (ed), A Guide to the Reports of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (London: 1981), xxii; Wagenführ story in John K. Galbraith, A Life in Our Times: Memoirs (London: 1981), 235–6.

211. See e.g. Maria Bucur, Heroes and Victims: Remembering War in Twentieth-Century Romania (Bloomington, IN: 2009), 198–9, 212–13.

212. A. Korthals Altes, Luchtgevaar: Luchtaanvallen op Nederland 1940–1945 (Amsterdam: 1984), 332.

213. http://www.groningerarchieven.nl ‘Groningers gedood door Engelse-bommen’.

214. Altes, Luchtgevaar , 332.

215. TNA, FO 898/312, Foreign Office to Brigadier Brooks (PWE), 14 Feb 1942.

216. TNA, AIR 9/187, Slessor (ACAS) to all air commands, 29 Oct 1942, ‘Bombardment Policy’, 3.

217. Pieter Serrien, Tranen over Mortsel: De laatste getuigen over het zwaarste bombardement ooit in België (Antwerp: 2008), 12–19. See too the report in TNA, ADM 199/2467, NID, minute on bombing of Antwerp, 20 Apr 1943.

218. TNA, AIR 40/399, HQ VIII Bomber Command, ORS Report on 5 Apr 1943 operations, 18 May 1943.

219. Serrien, Tranen over Mortsel , 41, from an anonymous letter on the bombing.

220. TNA, FO 898/312, Foreign Office to Director of Political Warfare (Operations), 9 Apr 1943.

221. TNA, AIR 19/218, Sinclair to Portal, 30 Apr 1943; Sinclair to Portal, 3 May 1943; Air Marshal Evill to Eaker, 10 May 1943, encl. App A, ‘Targets in Occupied Countries Recommended for Attack by the Eighth Air Force’; Air Ministry to Harris, 21 May 1943.

222. TNA, AIR 19/218, Portal to Eaker, 3 June 1943; Sinclair to Eden, 5 June 1943; Eden to Sinclair, 11 June 1943.

223. Ibid., draft leaflet, ‘An Urgent Warning to the Belgian People’, 16 June 1943; Bottomley to Harris and Eaker, 25 June and 15 July 1943; E. Micheils van Verduyren (Netherlands FO) to Sir Nevile Bland (British ambassador), 23 June 1943.