Richard Overy - The Bombing War

79. SHAA, 3D/44/Dossier 1, SGDA to Air Fleet 3, 20 Mar 1944; ‘Formations et effectifs réels, Défense Passive’, 15 Jan 1944; Ministry of Interior, ‘Instruction: Service de protection’, 26 Apr 1944.

80. BA-MA, RL7/141, Plenipotentiary of Air Fleet 3, ‘Tätigkeitsbericht 1.2–15.3.1944’, 19 Mar 1944; SHAA, 3D/44/Dossier 1, SGDA to Plenipotentiary Air Fleet 3, 20 Mar 1944.

81. BA-MA, RL13/24, Kriegstagebuch [War Diary] of LS-Abt. 34, entries for 15, 16 and 29–30 Jan 1943; SHAA, 3D/322/Dossier 1, ‘Bombardement de l’Arsenal et de la ville de Lorient’, May 1944, 4–5, 8.

82. Michael Schmiedel, ‘Les Allemands et la défense passive en France: le cas de Nantes’, in Michèle Battesti, Patrick Facon (eds), Les bombardements alliés sur la France durant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale: Stratégies, bilans matériels et humains (Vincennes: 2009), 53–5.

83. BN, Bulletin de Renseignements, Oct 1943, ‘L’Oeuvre accomplice par le Service Municipal de la ville de Nantes’.

84. Julia Torrie, ‘For Their Own Good’: Civilian Evacuations in Germany and France, 1939–1945 (New York: 2010), 115–17.

85. Ibid., 125–7.

86. SHAA, 3D/44/Dossier 1, SIPEG to Directorate of Passive Defence, 26 Jan 1944; Pierre Laval to all ministries, 4 Feb 1944, 1.

87. Michael Schmiedel, ‘Orchestrated Solidarity: The Allied Air War in France and the Development of Local and State-Organised Solidarity Movements’, in Baldoli, Knapp, Overy (eds), Bombing, States and Peoples , 207–11.

88. Schmiedel, ‘Orchestrated Solidarity’, 211–13; Torrie, ‘For Their Own Good’ , 153–4; Baldoli, Knapp, Forgotten Blitzes , 150–51.

89. SHAA, 3D/44/ Dossier 1, Laval to all ministers, 4 Feb 1944, 1–2, 5; SIPEG to Directorate of Passive Defence, 26 Jan 1944.

90. Ibid., Laval to all ministers, 2–3; Torrie, ‘For Their Own Good’ , 159; Baldoli, Knapp, Forgotten Blitzes , 153–4.

91. Olivier Dumoulin, ‘A Comparative Approach to Newsreels and Bombing in the Second World War: Britain, France and Germany’, in Baldoli, Knapp, Overy (eds), Bombing, States and Peoples , 302–3; Baldoli, Knapp, Forgotten Blitzes , 118–19.

92. Lindsey Dodd, ‘ “Relieving Sorrow and Misfortune”? State, Charity, Ideology and Aid in Bombed-out France, 1940–1944’, in Baldoli, Knapp, Overy (eds), Bombing, States and Peoples , 83–5.

93. Ibid., 80–81, 86–7.

94. Torrie, ‘For Their Own Good’ , 135–7.

95. Stenton, Radio London and Resistance , 110.

96. TNA, FO 898/457, PWE, ‘Annual Dissemination of Leaflets by Aircraft and Balloon 1939–1945’.

97. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 157, memorandum, CoS of Eighth Air Force, 11 Aug 1942; USAAF Adjutant-General to commander of Eighth Air Force, 25 Sept 1943.

98. Ibid., Box 157, Frank Kaufman, Chief (Leaflet Section) PWB to Robert Bruce Lockhart (PWE), 22 Apr 1944, ‘Leaflet Production and Dissemination Program between now and D-Day’; Political Warfare Division (SHAEF), ‘The Leaflet Propaganda Front’, 19 June 1944, 3.

99. Philippe Boiry, Paris sous les bombes: Auteuil septembre 1943 (Paris: 2000), 37–8.

100. TNA, AIR 40/1720, MAAF Intelligence Division Report, 30 May 1944, 1, 8. See too Kitson, ‘Criminals or Liberators?’, 285–8.

101. TNA, AIR 40/1720, MAAF Intelligence Division Report, 30 May 1944, 13–15.

102. TNA, FO 371/41984, minute for Churchill from Desmond Morton, 9 May 1944; Direction Technique des Services Spéciaux, ‘Les bombardements alliés et leurs repercussions sur le moral français’, 25 Apr 1944.

103. Ibid., ‘France: Cardinals’ Message to British and U.S. Episcopates’, 14 May 1944; Archbishop of Westminster to French Cardinals, 20 May 1944.

104. Patrick Facon, ‘Les bombardements Alliés sur la France durant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale: Enjeux, thématiques et problématiques’, in Battesti, Facon (eds), Les bombardements alliés , 13–14.

105. Baldoli, Knapp, Forgotten Blitzes , 211–13.

106. TNA, AIR 40/1720, MAAF, Military Intelligence Division Report, 30 May 1944, 17–18.

107. Baldoli, Knapp, Forgotten Blitzes , 210–11; Torrie, ‘For Their Own Good’ , 113.

108. Jean-Marie Pontaut, Éric Pelletier, Chronique d’une France occupée: Les rapports confidentiels de la gendarmerie 1940–1945 (Neuilly-sur-Seine: 2008), 444, ‘Rapport du commandant de gendarmerie de la Charente’, July 1943.

109. BA-MA, RL7/141, Intelligence Report, Air Fleet 3, 1 Aug 1943, 2; minute, 14 July 1943, ‘Überwachung der einzustehenden französischen Eisenbahnflakbatterien’; Intelligence Report, Air Fleet 3, 2 Sept 1943.

110. BA-MA, RL7/141, Intelligence Report, Air Fleet 3, 1 Oct 1943; SHAA, 3D/43/Dossier 1, Sec. Gen. of Air Defence to Col. von Merhart, 18 Sept 1943; Plenipotentiary of the German Air Force, Paris, to Col. Cornillon (Liaison Service), 18 Nov 1943.

111. BA-MA, RL7/141, Intelligence Report, Air Fleet 3, 1 Aug 1943, 2.

112. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/AEAF/7, War Cabinet Defence Committee, 5 Apr 1944, 1.

113. TNA, AIR 40/1882, Bottomley to Portal, 18 Jan 1944; Bufton to Harris, 14 Jan 1944.

114. TNA, AIR 37/752, Harris memorandum for Leigh-Mallory, ‘The Employment of the Night Bomber Force in Connection with the Invasion of the Continent’, 13 Jan 1944.

115. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 143, Spaatz to Eisenhower [n.d. but Apr 1944].

116. Ibid., Arnold to Spaatz, 24 Apr 1944; see too Anderson to Spaatz, 28 Feb 1944, 3, ‘there be complete accord… as to the continuation of POINTBLANK’.

117. Walter W. Rostow, Pre-Invasion Bombing Strategy: General Eisenhower’s Decision of March 25, 1944 (Aldershot: 1981), 13–14, 88–98; Solly Zuckerman, From Apes to Warlords: The Autobiography of Solly Zuckerman 1904–1946 (London: 1978), 220–24, 231–45.

118. Lord Arthur Tedder, With Prejudice: The War Memoirs of Marshal of the Royal Air Force Lord Tedder (London: 1966), 520–25.

119. CCO, Portal papers, Folder 5, Portal to Churchill, 29 Mar 1944; UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/AEAF/7, Defence Committee minutes, 5 Apr 1944; Defence Committee minutes, 13 Apr 1944.

120. CCO, Portal papers, Folder 5, Portal to Churchill, 13 Apr 1944; UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/AEAF/7, Defence Committee, Note by the Secretary, ‘Bombing Policy’; Zuckerman memorandum, ‘Estimates of Civilian Casualties’, 6 Apr 1944.

121. Ibid., ‘Number of Fatal Casualties’ [n.d. but Apr 1944]; ‘Casualties among French Civilians Resulting from Rail Centre Attacks’.

122. Warren Kimball (ed), Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence: Vol III, Alliance Declining (London: 1984), 122–3, Churchill to Roosevelt, 7 May 1944, and 127, Roosevelt to Churchill, 11 May 1944; Tedder, With Prejudice , 531–2.

123. BN, Bulletin de Renseignements, Apr 1944, 16; Bulletin d’Information de la Défense Passive, Aug 1944, 18.

124. SHAA, 3D/322/Dossier 1, ‘Tableau des projectiles explosifs lancés de janvier 1942 à aôut 1944’.

125. BN, Bulletin d’Information de la Défense Passive, May 1944, 7–8.

126. Details from BN, Bulletin d’Information de la Défense Passive, June 1944, 1–3, 6–7, 10–11, 13.

127. SHAA, 3D/322/Dossier 1, ‘Bombardement de St. Étienne, 26 mai 1944’, 4, 7–8; ‘Bombardement de Marseille, 27 mai 1944’, 1, 4–6; BN, Bulletin d’Information de la Défense Passive, ‘Bombardement de Saint-Étienne, 26 mai 1944’, 2–4; ‘Bombardement de Marseille, 27 mai 1944’, 2–5; statistics on human losses from Georges Ribeill, Yves Machefert-Tassin, Une Saison en Enfer: Les bombardements des Alliés sur les rails français (1942–1945) (Migennes: 2004), 142–3.