Ian Kershaw - Hitler. 1936-1945 - Nemesis
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- Название:Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis
- Автор:
- Издательство:Penguin Books
- Жанр:
- Год:2001
- Город:New York
- ISBN:978-0-14-192581-3
- Рейтинг книги:3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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Nemesis
Following the enormous success of HITLER: HUBRIS this book triumphantly completes one of the great modern biographies. No figure in twentieth century history more clearly demands a close biographical understanding than Adolf Hitler; and no period is more important than the Second World War. Beginning with Hitler’s startling European successes in the aftermath of the Rhinelland occupation and ending nine years later with the suicide in the Berlin bunker, Kershaw allows us as never before to understand the motivation and the impact of this bizarre misfit. He addresses the crucial questions about the unique nature of Nazi radicalism, about the Holocaust and about the poisoned European world that allowed Hitler to operate so effectively.
George VI thought him a “damnable villain,” and Neville Chamberlain found him not quite a gentleman; but, to the rest of the world, Adolf Hitler has come to personify modern evil to such an extent that his biographers always have faced an unenviable task. The two more renowned biographies of Hitler—by Joachim C. Fest (
) and by Alan Bullock (
)—painted a picture of individual tyranny which, in the words of A. J. P. Taylor, left Hitler guilty and every other German innocent. Decades of scholarship on German society under the Nazis have made that verdict look dubious; so, the modern biographer of Hitler must account both for his terrible mindset and his charismatic appeal. In the second and final volume of his mammoth biography of Hitler—which covers the climax of Nazi power, the reclamation of German-speaking Europe, and the horrific unfolding of the final solution in Poland and Russia—Ian Kershaw manages to achieve both of these tasks. Continuing where
left off, the epic
takes the reader from the adulation and hysteria of Hitler's electoral victory in 1936 to the obsessive and remote “bunker” mentality that enveloped the Führer as Operation Barbarossa (the attack on Russia in 1942) proved the beginning of the end. Chilling, yet objective. A definitive work.
—Miles Taylor At the conclusion of Kershaw’s
(1999), the Rhineland had been remilitarized, domestic opposition crushed, and Jews virtually outlawed. What the genuinely popular leader of Germany would do with his unchallenged power, the world knows and recoils from. The historian's duty, superbly discharged by Kershaw, is to analyze how and why Hitler was able to ignite a world war, commit the most heinous crime in history, and throw his country into the abyss of total destruction. He didn't do it alone. Although Hitler's twin goals of expelling Jews and acquiring “living space" for other Germans were hardly secret, “achieving” them did not proceed according to a blueprint, as near as Kershaw can ascertain. However long Hitler had cherished launching an all-out war against the Jews and against Soviet Russia, as he did in 1941, it was only conceivable as reality following a tortuous series of events of increasing radicality, in both foreign and domestic politics. At each point, whether haranguing a mass audience or a small meeting of military officers, the demagogue had to and did persuade his listeners that his course of action was the only one possible. Acquiescence to aggression and genocide was further abetted by the narcotic effect of the “Hitler myth,” the propagandized image of the infallible leader as national savior, which produced a force for radicalization parallel to Hitler’s personal murderous fanaticism; the motto of the time called it “working towards the Fuhrer.” Underlings in competition with each other would do what they thought Hitler wanted, as occurred with aspects of organizing the Final Solution. Kershaw’s narrative connecting this analysis gives outstanding evidence that he commands and understands the source material, producing this magisterial scholarship that will endure for decades.
—Gilbert Taylor
* * *
Amazon.com Review
From Booklist
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Stroop, SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen 589, 837
Stuckart, Wilhelm 80, 245
Student, General Kurt 367
Stülpnagel, General Karl Heinrich von 678, 733
Stülpnagel, General Otto von 269
Stumpfegger, SS-Obersturmbannführer
Ludwig 727, 824–5, 833–4
Stumpff, Colonel-General Hans-Jürgen 836
Stuttgart 139, 685, 746
Styria province, Austria 73, 160, 698
Suchum 530
Sudeten German League 113
Sudeten German Party (Congress, Carlsbad, April 1938) 96
Sudeten Question 99, 108, 111, 121; see also under Czechoslovakia
Sukhinichi 531 survival of the fittest xli
swastika: at the Berlin Olympics 6
Sweden 194, 402, 604, 617, 817
Swinemünde 176, 261
Switzerland 267, 273, 274, 676, 817
Sword Beach 640
Syria 189
Szalasi, Ferencz 734, 735, 736
Sztojay, Döme 627, 628, 640, 734
T4 (euthanasia action code-name) 260–1, 429, 430
Taganrog 526
Tannenberg, Battle of 197, 214
Tannenberg, first battle of 725
Tarnopol 629
Tedder, Air-Marshal Arthur W. 836 television see broadcasting Tetuán 14
Thiele, Major-General Fritz 675
Thierack, Otto Georg 507, 508, 692, 800, 823
Third Reich: administration chaos 569; the Anschlué a defining moment 64, 83; the Berlin Olympics 9; and the Blomberg scandal 52; Concordat with the Vatican (1933) 40; cut in two 809; destruction of xl; economic and political power of xvii; expansion 311; the governance of 504; growing British alienation 24; H authorizes mass-murder 252; H incapable of reforming 573; Hoepner wins law suit 507; and H’s fiftieth birthday 184; legislation (1941) 420–21; loss of eastern provinces xvii; mode of execution for civilian capital offences 693; readiness to strike down opposition 556; sectional interests 93; war fever 300
Thirty Years War 41
Thomas, General Georg 225, 344, 345–6, 353
Thorn 242
‘Three-Man Collective’ 312–13
Thuringia 15, 402, 765, 778
Thuringian Forest 539
Thyssen 132
Tilsit 176
The Times 840
Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon 394, 433, 528
Tirpitz (battleship) 178
Tiso, Father Jozef 169, 581
Titian 183
Tobruk 347, 523
Todt, Dr Fritz 98, 106, 334, 434, 441, 502–4, 526
Tojo, General 443
Tokyo 58
Topf, J.A. and Sons 483
‘Torch’ landings 542
Torgau 809
Torgler, Ernst 349
Tornow, Sergeant Fritz 825
‘total war’ 566, 643, 644, 699, 713, 729; and deployment of female labour 563; Goebbels and 561, 562, 563
Toulon 722
tourism xl
trade unions, suppression of xxxviii, xlii
Transylvania 723
Treblinka extermination camp 484, 493, 520, 603
Tresckow, Major-General Henning von 358, 359, 653, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 666–70,721
Tripartite Pact (1940) 326, 328, 332, 360, 444
Tripolitania 348
Trondheim 288
Troost, Paul Ludwig 37
Trott zu Solz, Adam von 225, 663, 665
‘Trustees of Labour’ ( Treuhänder der Arbeit ) 186–7
Tscherniakowski, General Ivan 738
Tübingen 139
Tunis 328, 539, 546, 554, 581, 584–5, 586
Tunisia 542
Turkey 194, 365, 603, 617, 645, 719, 723, 732
Tyrol 292, 836
U-boats: building of 284, 719; hopes for continuation of the U-boat war 800; H’s high expectations 448, 585, 618; losses 585, 717; ordered to sink American ships 445; successes in the Atlantic 416, 523, 554
Udet, General Ernst 372, 420
Uebelhoer, Friedrich 484
Uiberreither, Siegfried 698
Ukraine 172, 177, 238, 384, 401, 406, 408, 411, 413, 414, 415, 468, 491, 507, 521, 562, 565, 590, 603, 630; Jews 668; nationalists 158, 165
Ulex, General Wilhelm 247, 248
Ulm 733
‘Ultra’ code-breaker 379, 585
unemployment: in Britain and America 402–3; reduction in xl, 185, 434
United States: air-raids on German fuel plants 635; American Jewry 321, 477; and the Ardennes offensive 743, 744; armaments 502, 516–17; the atomic bomb 731; Congress 442; economic power 285; economy 402–3; enters the war after the Pearl Harbor attack (1941) 364, 442; first commitment of ground-troops to the war in Europe 539; Germany declares war (11 December 1941) 444–6, 486–7, 490; grant of fifty destroyers to Britain 310; isolationism 285; Jewish refugees in 146; a menacing presence in the wings 752; mighty resources 457; Normandy landings 640–41; and the race for Norway 288; relations with Japan 442–3; US soldiers greeted in Germany 788
University of Leipzig Children’s Clinic 259
Unruh, General Walter von 567
Upper Bavaria 701
Upper Franconia 181, 200
Upper Silesia 235, 238, 772, 784, 785
Urals 400, 403, 405, 448, 462, 591
Urbsys, Joseph 176
Ustasha Movement 366
Utah Beach 640
VI ( Vergeltungswaffe -1 (Retaliation Weapon 1), flying-bombs 622, 641–3, 645
V2 rocket 622, 645, 731, 736, 746
Valencia 43
Vatican 604; and the Badoglio plot 596;
Concordat with the Reich (1933) 40
Veesenmaeyer, Edmund 628, 734, 735
Veldenstein, near Nuremberg 371
Venezuela 134
Verdun 540
Vereinigte Stahlwerke 19
Versailles Treaty (1919) xxxv–ix, 29, 38, 158, 163, 188, 224, 238, 265, 275, 668, 754
Viaz’ma 433
Vichy government 299, 328, 541
Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 98, 216, 586, 595–6
Victoria, Queen 123
Viebahn, General Max von 78
Vienna 45, 58, 75, 80, 160, 198, 590; H’s sense of personal degradation xvi; H’s threat 61, 70; H’s triumph in 80–2; Jewish community 84–6, 131, 133, 318, 485; Jodl transferred to 159; lingering remnants of the German coup (1944) 683; and Linz 365; Nazi Party 81; population 65; Red Army advances on (April 1945) 791; ‘Reich Theatre Week’ 197; removal of Jews 351–2, 482, 488; taken by the Red Army 792
Vienna State Opera Orchestra 512–13
Vilna, Lithuania 398, 464, 650
Vinniza, Ukraine 617; see also Werewolf ‘Führer Headquarters’
Vistula river 238, 244, 319, 724, 725, 756, 757, 758, 769
Vitebsk 646, 647
Vogel, Sergeant-Major Werner 672
Vögler, Albert 19
Volga basin 402
Volga river 477, 527, 528, 529, 530, 534, 536, 547, 550
völkisch movement 250, 258, 382, 465, 466, 688; H on the völkisch state 237, 517; the press 551
Völkischer Beobachter 273, 632
Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz (Ethnic German Self-Protection) 231, 242–3
Volkssturm (people’s militia) 713, 714–15, 766, 800, 808, 811, 821
Volkswagen (‘People’s Car’) 400
Volkswagen factory, Fallersleben 197
Volkswehr (People’s Defence) 714
Vormann, Nikolaus von 215, 226–7
Voronezh 526, 528
Voé, Vice-Admiral 813, 815
Vyshinsky, Andrei 689
Waffen-SS 47, 381, 516, 583, 596–7, 758, 787
Wagner, Adolf 40, 138, 374, 425, 630
Wagner, General Eduard 243, 409, 433, 435, 687, 690
Wagner, Frau Josef 436
Wagner, Gerhard 42, 256
Wagner, Ganleiter Josef 436
Wagner, Richard 13, 15, 16, 198, 455, 500, 513, 634
Wagner, Ganleiter Robert 323
Wagner, Winifried 198, 821
Wagner family 33, 34, 198
Waldau, General Otto Hoffmann von 309
Walter, Bruno 512, 513
Wannsee, Berlin 671, 793
Wannsee Conference (1942) 148, 491–3
War Economy ( Wehrwirtschaft ) 225
War Economy Decree (4 December 1939) 274
Warburg 132
Warlimont, Major-General Walter 289, 307, 356, 359, 396, 592.
Warm Springs, Georgia 791
Warsaw 59, 166, 236, 240, 264, 295, 583, 589, 647, 725–6, 756, 757, 769, 837; Uprising 724–5, 735
Warthegau 239, 250–2, 316, 318, 319, 320, 428, 471, 475, 479, 480, 484, 485, 490, 758, 759, 769, 838
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