Ian Kershaw - Hitler. 1936-1945 - Nemesis
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- Название:Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis
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- Издательство:Penguin Books
- Жанр:
- Год:2001
- Город:New York
- ISBN:978-0-14-192581-3
- Рейтинг книги:3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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Nemesis
Following the enormous success of HITLER: HUBRIS this book triumphantly completes one of the great modern biographies. No figure in twentieth century history more clearly demands a close biographical understanding than Adolf Hitler; and no period is more important than the Second World War. Beginning with Hitler’s startling European successes in the aftermath of the Rhinelland occupation and ending nine years later with the suicide in the Berlin bunker, Kershaw allows us as never before to understand the motivation and the impact of this bizarre misfit. He addresses the crucial questions about the unique nature of Nazi radicalism, about the Holocaust and about the poisoned European world that allowed Hitler to operate so effectively.
George VI thought him a “damnable villain,” and Neville Chamberlain found him not quite a gentleman; but, to the rest of the world, Adolf Hitler has come to personify modern evil to such an extent that his biographers always have faced an unenviable task. The two more renowned biographies of Hitler—by Joachim C. Fest (
) and by Alan Bullock (
)—painted a picture of individual tyranny which, in the words of A. J. P. Taylor, left Hitler guilty and every other German innocent. Decades of scholarship on German society under the Nazis have made that verdict look dubious; so, the modern biographer of Hitler must account both for his terrible mindset and his charismatic appeal. In the second and final volume of his mammoth biography of Hitler—which covers the climax of Nazi power, the reclamation of German-speaking Europe, and the horrific unfolding of the final solution in Poland and Russia—Ian Kershaw manages to achieve both of these tasks. Continuing where
left off, the epic
takes the reader from the adulation and hysteria of Hitler's electoral victory in 1936 to the obsessive and remote “bunker” mentality that enveloped the Führer as Operation Barbarossa (the attack on Russia in 1942) proved the beginning of the end. Chilling, yet objective. A definitive work.
—Miles Taylor At the conclusion of Kershaw’s
(1999), the Rhineland had been remilitarized, domestic opposition crushed, and Jews virtually outlawed. What the genuinely popular leader of Germany would do with his unchallenged power, the world knows and recoils from. The historian's duty, superbly discharged by Kershaw, is to analyze how and why Hitler was able to ignite a world war, commit the most heinous crime in history, and throw his country into the abyss of total destruction. He didn't do it alone. Although Hitler's twin goals of expelling Jews and acquiring “living space" for other Germans were hardly secret, “achieving” them did not proceed according to a blueprint, as near as Kershaw can ascertain. However long Hitler had cherished launching an all-out war against the Jews and against Soviet Russia, as he did in 1941, it was only conceivable as reality following a tortuous series of events of increasing radicality, in both foreign and domestic politics. At each point, whether haranguing a mass audience or a small meeting of military officers, the demagogue had to and did persuade his listeners that his course of action was the only one possible. Acquiescence to aggression and genocide was further abetted by the narcotic effect of the “Hitler myth,” the propagandized image of the infallible leader as national savior, which produced a force for radicalization parallel to Hitler’s personal murderous fanaticism; the motto of the time called it “working towards the Fuhrer.” Underlings in competition with each other would do what they thought Hitler wanted, as occurred with aspects of organizing the Final Solution. Kershaw’s narrative connecting this analysis gives outstanding evidence that he commands and understands the source material, producing this magisterial scholarship that will endure for decades.
—Gilbert Taylor
* * *
Amazon.com Review
From Booklist
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Neustadt 261
‘New Order’ 404, 407, 603
Nice 328
Nicolson, Harold 211
Niemöller, Pastor Martin 41
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 597
‘Night of the Long Knives’ (30 1934) xxxvii
Nijmegen 723, 760
Nikopol 603, 617
Nile river 524
Nisko district, south of Lublin 318
Non-Aggression Pact 189, 191
Normandy 639–41, 696, 699, 707
North Africa 328, 346, 347, 348, 439, 448, 513, 514, 535, 538–42, 546, 553, 554, 580–81, 609, 668
North Schleswig 288
North Sea 369, 375
Norway xl, 194, 286, 287–9, 293, 332, 405, 759
November 9th 1918 127, 151, 298–9, 697
November Pogrom (1938) 136–47, 148, 249
November Revolution 150
NSDAP see National Socialist German Workers’ Party
NSV see Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt
Nuremberg: air-raids on 573, 761, 764; compared with Fürth 582; demolition of the main synagogue 132; Party Rallies see under National Socialist German Workers’ Party; prison 58, 377, 836
Nuremberg International Military Tribunal 574, 836, 837
Nuremberg Laws 148
Nußdorf (Bouhler’s country house) 571
Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) see German Army: High Command
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) see Wehrmacht: High Command
Obersalzberg, near Berchtesgaden 107, 110, 168, 199, 207, 301, 306, 373, 556, 570, 587, 636, 637, 639, 644, 651, 799, 800, 810
Occupied Eastern Territories 478, 483
Oder front 782, 793
Oder river 160, 756, 759, 793
Odessa 630
Oertzen, Major Hans Ulrich von 690
Ohlau 759
Okamoto, General 443
OKH (Oberkommando der Heeres ) see German Army: High Command
OKW ( Oberkommando des Wehrmacht) see Wehrmacht: High Command
Olbricht, Major-General Friedrich 86, 659, 660, 667, 668, 671, 676, 681, 682, 682–3, 689
Oldenburg 508
Olympic Games (Berlin, 1936) 5–9, 379
Olympic Games (Los Angeles, 1932) 6
Omaha Beach 640, 641
Operation Anton 542
Operation Autumn Mist 741, 743–7
Operation Axis 599, 600
Operation Bagratian 646
Operation Barbarossa 335, 339, 343, 344, 348, 353, 360, 361, 363, 367–8, 371, 377, 380, 382, 462, 463, 466, 468, 469, 525, 566, 646; aim of 384; Barbarossa-Decree (13 May 1941) 357; and Bolshevism 387, 388, 389; ‘Commissar Order’ 357–9; Directive No.21 (‘Barbarossa Directive’) 335, 408; Directive No.34 410; escalating problems 419; German military leaders’ confidence 369; H provides the driving force 368–9; H’s intervention in military matters 407, 417, 419, 499; H’s letter to Mussolini 387–8; H’s proclamation 386, 387; initial reactions of the German people 422; initial territorial gains 398, 400; the invasion begins (22 June 1941) 393; and the invasion of Yugoslavia 365; the long front 579; operational plan fails 407, 417; partisan war 395, 405; postponed 362–3; Soviet captives 394–5; Soviet counter-attack begins (5 December 1941) 442; ‘special announcements’ 398; spiralling barbarization 395; ‘Study’ 413; ‘Supplement to Directive No.33’ 409, 410; Supplement to Directive No.34 411; toll on the German army and Luftwaffe 309; transport statistics 393; winter provisions for the troops 435, 439
Operation Blue 514–15, 523, 524, 526–8; Directive No.41 (5 April 1942) 528, 529
Operation Braunschweig 528; Directive No.45 (23 July 1942) 528–9
Operation Citadel 591, 592, 647; plans for 579–80; postponed 580, 587
Operation Cobra 718
Operation Dragoon 722
Operation Felix 348
Operation Gomorrha 597
Operation Magic Fire (Unternehmen Feuerzauber) 16
Operation Marita 361, 364–5
Operation Market Garden 723
Operation Mercury 367
Operation North Wind 744, 745
Operation Overlord 641
Operation Panzerfaust (‘Bazooka’) 735
Operation Sealion 302–3, 310
Operation Thunderclap 545
Operation Typhoon 415, 431, 433, 436
Operation Valkyrie 668–9, 671, 675, 676, 690
Operation Watch on the Rhine 741
Opfer der Vergangenheit (Victims of the Past) (film) 257
Oppeln, Upper Silesia 759, 788
Oppenheim 760
Oran, French Algeria 327, 539
Oranienburg 793
Ordnungspolizei (regular police) 468
Orel 592, 596, 597
Organisation Todt (OT) 623, 634, 675, 678, 679, 742, 808
Orgaz y Yoldi, General 14
Orsha 647
Oscarsborg, straits of 288
Oshima, Ambassador Hiroshi 27, 383, 398, 443, 445, 449, 470, 729, 730, 732, 743
Oslo 288
Oster, Colonel Hans 157, 225, 262, 268, 270, 659, 667, 690
Osteria Bavaria restaurant, Munich 143, 512
Ostland (Eastern Region) 406, 486, 491, 520
‘ Ostmark ’, Goebbels in 506
Ostrogoth Gau (Ostgotengau) 440
Ostrov, Poland 394, 690
Ott, General Eugen 443
Oven, Wilfried von 678
Owens, Jesse 6, 7
Pacific Ocean 728
Paderborn 172
Palestine 189, 530; Britain refuses entry for Jewish refugees 146; as a Jewish state 134, 321, 350
Pan-German League/pan-Germanism 65, 67
Panzer Corps ‘Grodeutschland’ 768–9
Panzer Group 4 359
Panzer Group West 641
Papen, Franz von 68, 226, 428, 732–3; Ambassador to Austria 66; and the Anschlué 76, 82, 83; Austrian Nazi plans to murder 69; on H 71–2; meets Schuschnigg 70; plans to topple Schuschnigg 45, 67, 69
‘paper war’ 566
Paris: H visits 299–300; H’s orders 722; liberated 722; lingering remnants of the German coup (1944) 683; Stülpnagel backs the insurrectionists (1944) 678
Party of National Concentration ( Nationale Sammlungspartei ) 819
Pas de Calais 641
Pasewalk military hospital 754
Patton, General George S. 720, 744, 788
Paul, Prince, of Yugoslavia 360
Paulus, Field-Marshal Friedrich 497, 530, 533, 537, 543, 544, 545, 548–51
Pavelic, Ante 581
pax americana xviii
Payne Best, Captain S. 271
Pearl Harbor (1941) 364, 442, 444, 445, 446, 448, 486–7, 490
Peenemünde 622
Peloponnese 361
Pension Moritz (later the Platterhof), Obersalzberg 636
People’s Court (Volksgerichtshof) 507, 508, 552, 688–9, 721, 733; show trials 691–2
Perkowski, Tadeusz 202
Persian Gulf 276, 514
Petacci, Clara 826
Pétain, Marshal 297, 299, 328–32, 525, 542
Peter II, King of Yugoslavia 360
Petersberg Hotel, Bad Godesberg 113, 114
Pfaueninsel (Peacock Island), Havel 7
Pfeffer von Salomon, Franz 436
Philip of Hesse, Prince 76, 78, 600
Phipps, Sir Eric 25, 46
‘Phoney War’ (autumn and winter 1939–40) 274–5
physically handicapped 258–9
Picasso, Pablo, Guernica 24–5
Pillau 762
Pilsudski, Marshal 237
Pintsch, Karl-Heinz 371, 372
Pirow, Oswald 151
Pissia river 238
Platterhof hotel, Obersalzberg 636
Plenipotentiary for Reich Administration 709
Plenipotentiary for the Total War Effort (Reichsbevollmächtigter für den totalen Kriegseinsatz) 708–12, 713
Ploesti oilfields 332, 343, 635
Plön 820, 832
Plötzensee Prison, Berlin 693
Poland: British Guarantee to Poland 155, 175, 178, 179, 190, 212, 216, 218, 237; the collapsing front in 762; Danzig Question 158, 177; death camps closed 766–7; deportation of Jews into the foreign-speaking Gau 244; Eastern Wall 244; the Einsatzgruppen 241, 243, 244, 246; ‘ethnic cleansing’ 240–1, 248, 355; as an experimental training-ground 234–5, 355; extermination of Europe’s Jews 430; fatalities 236; and the ‘final solution of the Jewish Question’ 483; first shots fired in (1 September 1939) 221–2; General Government 239, 244, 245–6, 250, 252, 279, 319, 320, 322, 323, 351, 352, 375, 462, 471, 475, 480, 488, 491, 492, 493, 494, 520, 589; the German minority 241–2; German position strengthened 165; German propaganda 200, 201; Government-in-Exile (London) 725; H and Haider want to smash Poland at breakneck speed 180; H hopes to win allies in 43; H on 191–2; H rescinds invasion order (August 1939) 214–15, 229–30; H sanctions mass murder 248; H views devastation in Warsaw 236; Haider’s speech (1939) 179–80; H’s approach changes markedly 166–7; intelligentsia 245; Jewish population 234; and the ‘Jewish Question’ 134, 317; ‘the key to the situation’ 174; military alliance with Britain 215; mobilization (March 1939) 177, 190, 229; and Moravská-Ostrava 165, 190; murder of Polish officers at Katyn (1940) 583; and the national-conservative resistance 263; a new division of 782; ‘New Order’ 243, 251, 252; Non-Aggression Pact with Germany 189, 190, 191; not expected to fight (1939) 205; the Polish front 276; a potentially hostile neighbour xlv; proposed German-Russian agreement partitioning Poland 196; revisionism 46, 95; and Ruthenia 165; scope for the Nazi Party 315; Security Police 251, 252; seeks a strong central European cordon of states 157; ‘September Murders’ (1939) 242; Soviet Union invades from the east 236; Stauffenberg’s attitude 668; Ukrainian minority 165–6; Volkstumskampf (‘ethnic struggle’) 243
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