Ian Kershaw - Hitler. 1936-1945 - Nemesis

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The climax and conclusion of one of the best-selling biographies of our time. The New Yorker
Nemesis
Following the enormous success of HITLER: HUBRIS this book triumphantly completes one of the great modern biographies. No figure in twentieth century history more clearly demands a close biographical understanding than Adolf Hitler; and no period is more important than the Second World War. Beginning with Hitler’s startling European successes in the aftermath of the Rhinelland occupation and ending nine years later with the suicide in the Berlin bunker, Kershaw allows us as never before to understand the motivation and the impact of this bizarre misfit. He addresses the crucial questions about the unique nature of Nazi radicalism, about the Holocaust and about the poisoned European world that allowed Hitler to operate so effectively.
George VI thought him a “damnable villain,” and Neville Chamberlain found him not quite a gentleman; but, to the rest of the world, Adolf Hitler has come to personify modern evil to such an extent that his biographers always have faced an unenviable task. The two more renowned biographies of Hitler—by Joachim C. Fest (
) and by Alan Bullock (
)—painted a picture of individual tyranny which, in the words of A. J. P. Taylor, left Hitler guilty and every other German innocent. Decades of scholarship on German society under the Nazis have made that verdict look dubious; so, the modern biographer of Hitler must account both for his terrible mindset and his charismatic appeal. In the second and final volume of his mammoth biography of Hitler—which covers the climax of Nazi power, the reclamation of German-speaking Europe, and the horrific unfolding of the final solution in Poland and Russia—Ian Kershaw manages to achieve both of these tasks. Continuing where
left off, the epic
takes the reader from the adulation and hysteria of Hitler's electoral victory in 1936 to the obsessive and remote “bunker” mentality that enveloped the Führer as Operation Barbarossa (the attack on Russia in 1942) proved the beginning of the end. Chilling, yet objective. A definitive work.
—Miles Taylor At the conclusion of Kershaw’s
(1999), the Rhineland had been remilitarized, domestic opposition crushed, and Jews virtually outlawed. What the genuinely popular leader of Germany would do with his unchallenged power, the world knows and recoils from. The historian's duty, superbly discharged by Kershaw, is to analyze how and why Hitler was able to ignite a world war, commit the most heinous crime in history, and throw his country into the abyss of total destruction. He didn't do it alone. Although Hitler's twin goals of expelling Jews and acquiring “living space" for other Germans were hardly secret, “achieving” them did not proceed according to a blueprint, as near as Kershaw can ascertain. However long Hitler had cherished launching an all-out war against the Jews and against Soviet Russia, as he did in 1941, it was only conceivable as reality following a tortuous series of events of increasing radicality, in both foreign and domestic politics. At each point, whether haranguing a mass audience or a small meeting of military officers, the demagogue had to and did persuade his listeners that his course of action was the only one possible. Acquiescence to aggression and genocide was further abetted by the narcotic effect of the “Hitler myth,” the propagandized image of the infallible leader as national savior, which produced a force for radicalization parallel to Hitler’s personal murderous fanaticism; the motto of the time called it “working towards the Fuhrer.” Underlings in competition with each other would do what they thought Hitler wanted, as occurred with aspects of organizing the Final Solution. Kershaw’s narrative connecting this analysis gives outstanding evidence that he commands and understands the source material, producing this magisterial scholarship that will endure for decades.
—Gilbert Taylor
* * *
Amazon.com Review
From Booklist

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Marburg 139

March, Werner 5

Mareks, General Erich 408

‘Marcks Plan’ 408

Margarethe I 626

Margarethe II 626

Margival (Führer Headquarters) 642

Markt Schellenberg 766

Marne river 722

Marseilles 722

Marx Brothers 371

Marxism 130; H’s use of the term xli–xlii

Marzahn 801

Maschmann, Melita 9, 142

Mastny, Dr Voytech 170

Masurian woods 395

Matsuoka, Yosuke 363–4, 444

Mauthausen concentration camp 604, 735, 768

Mayen 764

Mayer, Dr Joseph 259

Maykop 438, 497, 514, 529, 530, 536

Mediterranean 49, 50, 533, 539, 591; defence of 586; German supply difficulties 543; ‘an Italian sea’ 25; successful Allied landing 592–3

Meichner, Colonel Joachim 669

Meiser, Bishop Hans 28

Meissner, Otto 170, 218, 800

Memel district, Czechoslovakia 163, 166, 175–6

mentally ill patients 252–7, 259, 261, 317, 424, 427–8, 430, 484

mentally retarded children 257

Meran, South Tyrol 633

Mers-el-Kébir 301

Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel Albrecht Ritter 676, 681, 682, 683, 689

Mesopotamia 537

Messerschmitt, Professor Willi 621, 635

Metz 642, 721

Meuse river 295, 744

Meyer, Gauleiter Alfred 483

Michael, King of Romania 723

Middle East 523, 537, 591

Mierendorff, Carlo 666

Miklas, President Wilhelm 77, 78, 80–1

Milan 26

Milch, Field-Marshal Erhard 75, 548, 621, 634, 635

Ministerial Council for the Defence of the Reich (Ministerrat für die Reichsverteidigung) 219, 312, 541, 568, 570, 573, 709

Minsk 394, 398, 399, 466, 483, 486, 647, 661

Mischlinge (part-Jews) 148, 474, 486, 492

Mitford, Diana (later Mosley) 13

Mitford, Unity Valkyrie 13

Model, Colonel-General Walter 579–80, 592, 630, 650, 721, 754, 784, 786, 792

Mogilev 483, 647

Mohnke, SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm 813, 814, 826, 827

Möllendorf, Rittmeister Leonhard von 673

Molotov, Vyacheslav 192, 195, 196, 204–5, 210, 331, 332–4, 336, 342, 360–1, 734

Moltke, Helmuth James Graf von 665, 666

monasteries, closing of the 427, 428, 430

Mönichkirchen 366, 368

Montgomery, General Bernard 535, 538, 546, 600, 721

Montoire (H/Pétain/Laval discussions, 1940) 330–1

Moravia 46, 164, 165, 172, 318, 479

Moravská-Ostrava 165

Morell, Dr Theodor 36, 171, 411, 612, 674, 694, 726, 727, 728, 798, 801, 803

Morgenthau Plan (1944) 784

Morocco 14, 348

Moscow 397, 400, 416, 435, 477, 534, 536, 769; air-raids 409; the drive to 417, 442, 499; German Embassy 195, 205; and Guderian’s panzer army 437; ‘Marcks Plan’ 408; non-aggression pact signed 210–11, 228; ‘of no great importance’ 335, 345, 346; Operation Typhoon 415, 431; plans to take 408–11, 412, 414, 438, 439, 440

Mosley, Sir Oswald 13, 302

Mühldorf am Inn 78

Müller, General Friedrich-Wilhelm 758

Müller, SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich 464, 492, 758

Munich: Americans reach 834; Artists’ Club 140; bombing of 535, 761; Bürgerbräukeller 137, 271–4, 656; Chamberlain in no; Circus Krone 526; Deutsches Künstlerhaus (‘German Artists’ House’) 37, 38, 132; Feldherrnhalle 140, 840; Hofbräuhaus 614, 623–4, 779, 781; H’s flat in 34, 535; Jewish community 132, 485; Löwenbräukeller 436, 539, 565, 606, 739; Old Town Hall 137, 138, 149; Putsch commemoration 420; ‘Rally of German Art 1939’ 197–8; rebuilding 567, 709; Reich Food Estate’s Agricultural Exhibition (1937) 37; Stoétrupp Hitler wreaks havoc in 138, 149; synagogues demolished 132, 138, 139, 140, 149; Technische Hochschule 258

Munich Agreement (1938) 91, 105, 121–5, 157, 158, 159, 164, 172, 175, 208, 272, 291, 655; the basis of 113; cynical demolition of 173; Göring pushes for peace 89; H’s regrets 163, 230; legacy of 125

Munich University: White Rose opposition-group 552

Münster 427, 429, 791

Müritzsee, Mecklenburg 36

Mussert, Anton 518

Mussolini, Benito xvii, 48, 207, 276, 314, 597, 671; and anti-Bolshevism 285; and antisemitism 285; and Austria 66, 68, 75, 76, 78, 80; Baldwin on 4; and ‘Barbarossa’ 287; Brenner Pass talks 291–2, 327–8, 382–3; captured and executed 826; coins ‘Axis’ term 26; and Czechoslovakia 98, 99, 119, 120–1, 193; desperate to stop the war spreading 222; discusses the French armistice request 297–8; ‘discussions’ with H at Klessheim Castle 513–14; fall of (25 July 1943) 559, 594, 598, 599, 609; freed by SS 602, 689, 734; H loses confidence in 588; H on 25, 601; health 541, 586, 594; and the Heé affair 372, 375, 382–3; and H’s cancelled invasion of Poland (August 1939) 214–16; loss of prestige 347; meeting with H at Feltre 593; and the Munich Agreement 121; prepared to intercede with Britain 219, 222; on Ribbentrop 98; sets up ‘Repubblica di Salò’ in northern Italy 602; and the Spanish Civil War 14; Special Train 291; state visit to Germany (1937) 38, 44–5, 98; talks with H (May 1938) 133; talks with H (January 1941) 346–7; talks with H (April 1943) 581; talks with H (22 April 1944) 633; told of the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; visits FHQ after the assassination attempt 683, 684

Mutschmann, Martin 779

N

Naples 600

Napoleon Bonaparte xvi, xvii, 188, 384, 385, 393, 400, 412, 453, 455, 470, 499, 561, 644, 713

Narev river 238, 756, 757, 769

Narvik, Norway 286, 288, 289

National Committee of Free Germany 772, 793

‘national community’ xlv, 424

National Labour Day (1 May) 5

‘national rebirth’ xlii, xliv

‘national redemption’ xliv

‘national salvation’ xlii, xliv, xlvi

National Socialist Doctors’ League 254

National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) aesthetics of power 5; aims to force Jews out 146; antisemitism xliii; attacks on the Church xxxvi, 29, 40; Bormann restructures 790; business closures 575; and Christianity 424; the crucifix issue 425–6; ‘elections’ of 29

March 1936 xxxv; and the First World War 233; Foreign Organization see Auslandsorganisation; functionaries leave for safer havens (1945) 763; the ‘good old times’ 611; grandiose Party buildings 185; H praises 537; and the Heé affair 374; ‘Horst-Wessel-Lied’ anthem 6, 561; H’s ultimatum demanding the Party leadership (1921) 283; ideological drive 314, 343, 395; Leadership crisis (July 1921) 648; membership xlii; the Nazi calendar 37; nazified Memel population 175; Party Chancellery 372, 421, 424, 568, 709; Party Rally of 1929 255; Party Rally of 1934 6; Party Rally of 1936 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 22–3; Party Rally of 1937 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 45; Party Rally of 1938 108, 109–10; Party Rally of 1939 (cancelled) 197, 214; penal law 256; programme 37, 42, 65; Propaganda Department 474; Putch commemoration 37, 46, 51, 137, 139, 272, 273, 420; Reichsleitung 258; reserves of hard-core Nazi support for H 556; triumphalism 136; ‘world-view’ 40

National Socialist Leadership Officers 616

National Socialist Racial and Political Office (NS-Rasse-und Politisches Amt) 257

nationalism: H galvanizes the nationalist masses xli; Ukrainian 158, 165, 166

Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt (NSV) 424

Naumann, Werner 729, 823

Naval Agreement 189

Nazi Party see National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)

Nebe, SS-Gruppenführer Arthur 318, 466

Neckar River 139

Neisse river 793

Nemmersdorf 738

Nero, Emperor 594

Netherlands 405, 434, 745, 834; bombing of Rotterdam 295; German invasion plans 659; Jews flee to 145–6; neutrality 277; the Queen and government flee to exile 294

Neumann, Ernst 166

Neurath, Konstantin Freiherr von 4, 25, 26, 43, 47, 49, 50, 58, 59, 67, 68, 69, 76, 90, 120, 121, 481, 586, 599, 837

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