Ian Kershaw - Hitler. 1936-1945 - Nemesis
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- Название:Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis
- Автор:
- Издательство:Penguin Books
- Жанр:
- Год:2001
- Город:New York
- ISBN:978-0-14-192581-3
- Рейтинг книги:3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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Nemesis
Following the enormous success of HITLER: HUBRIS this book triumphantly completes one of the great modern biographies. No figure in twentieth century history more clearly demands a close biographical understanding than Adolf Hitler; and no period is more important than the Second World War. Beginning with Hitler’s startling European successes in the aftermath of the Rhinelland occupation and ending nine years later with the suicide in the Berlin bunker, Kershaw allows us as never before to understand the motivation and the impact of this bizarre misfit. He addresses the crucial questions about the unique nature of Nazi radicalism, about the Holocaust and about the poisoned European world that allowed Hitler to operate so effectively.
George VI thought him a “damnable villain,” and Neville Chamberlain found him not quite a gentleman; but, to the rest of the world, Adolf Hitler has come to personify modern evil to such an extent that his biographers always have faced an unenviable task. The two more renowned biographies of Hitler—by Joachim C. Fest (
) and by Alan Bullock (
)—painted a picture of individual tyranny which, in the words of A. J. P. Taylor, left Hitler guilty and every other German innocent. Decades of scholarship on German society under the Nazis have made that verdict look dubious; so, the modern biographer of Hitler must account both for his terrible mindset and his charismatic appeal. In the second and final volume of his mammoth biography of Hitler—which covers the climax of Nazi power, the reclamation of German-speaking Europe, and the horrific unfolding of the final solution in Poland and Russia—Ian Kershaw manages to achieve both of these tasks. Continuing where
left off, the epic
takes the reader from the adulation and hysteria of Hitler's electoral victory in 1936 to the obsessive and remote “bunker” mentality that enveloped the Führer as Operation Barbarossa (the attack on Russia in 1942) proved the beginning of the end. Chilling, yet objective. A definitive work.
—Miles Taylor At the conclusion of Kershaw’s
(1999), the Rhineland had been remilitarized, domestic opposition crushed, and Jews virtually outlawed. What the genuinely popular leader of Germany would do with his unchallenged power, the world knows and recoils from. The historian's duty, superbly discharged by Kershaw, is to analyze how and why Hitler was able to ignite a world war, commit the most heinous crime in history, and throw his country into the abyss of total destruction. He didn't do it alone. Although Hitler's twin goals of expelling Jews and acquiring “living space" for other Germans were hardly secret, “achieving” them did not proceed according to a blueprint, as near as Kershaw can ascertain. However long Hitler had cherished launching an all-out war against the Jews and against Soviet Russia, as he did in 1941, it was only conceivable as reality following a tortuous series of events of increasing radicality, in both foreign and domestic politics. At each point, whether haranguing a mass audience or a small meeting of military officers, the demagogue had to and did persuade his listeners that his course of action was the only one possible. Acquiescence to aggression and genocide was further abetted by the narcotic effect of the “Hitler myth,” the propagandized image of the infallible leader as national savior, which produced a force for radicalization parallel to Hitler’s personal murderous fanaticism; the motto of the time called it “working towards the Fuhrer.” Underlings in competition with each other would do what they thought Hitler wanted, as occurred with aspects of organizing the Final Solution. Kershaw’s narrative connecting this analysis gives outstanding evidence that he commands and understands the source material, producing this magisterial scholarship that will endure for decades.
—Gilbert Taylor
* * *
Amazon.com Review
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Marburg 139
March, Werner 5
Mareks, General Erich 408
‘Marcks Plan’ 408
Margarethe I 626
Margarethe II 626
Margival (Führer Headquarters) 642
Markt Schellenberg 766
Marne river 722
Marseilles 722
Marx Brothers 371
Marxism 130; H’s use of the term xli–xlii
Marzahn 801
Maschmann, Melita 9, 142
Mastny, Dr Voytech 170
Masurian woods 395
Matsuoka, Yosuke 363–4, 444
Mauthausen concentration camp 604, 735, 768
Mayen 764
Mayer, Dr Joseph 259
Maykop 438, 497, 514, 529, 530, 536
Mediterranean 49, 50, 533, 539, 591; defence of 586; German supply difficulties 543; ‘an Italian sea’ 25; successful Allied landing 592–3
Meichner, Colonel Joachim 669
Meiser, Bishop Hans 28
Meissner, Otto 170, 218, 800
Memel district, Czechoslovakia 163, 166, 175–6
mentally ill patients 252–7, 259, 261, 317, 424, 427–8, 430, 484
mentally retarded children 257
Meran, South Tyrol 633
Mers-el-Kébir 301
Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel Albrecht Ritter 676, 681, 682, 683, 689
Mesopotamia 537
Messerschmitt, Professor Willi 621, 635
Metz 642, 721
Meuse river 295, 744
Meyer, Gauleiter Alfred 483
Michael, King of Romania 723
Middle East 523, 537, 591
Mierendorff, Carlo 666
Miklas, President Wilhelm 77, 78, 80–1
Milan 26
Milch, Field-Marshal Erhard 75, 548, 621, 634, 635
Ministerial Council for the Defence of the Reich (Ministerrat für die Reichsverteidigung) 219, 312, 541, 568, 570, 573, 709
Minsk 394, 398, 399, 466, 483, 486, 647, 661
Mischlinge (part-Jews) 148, 474, 486, 492
Mitford, Diana (later Mosley) 13
Mitford, Unity Valkyrie 13
Model, Colonel-General Walter 579–80, 592, 630, 650, 721, 754, 784, 786, 792
Mogilev 483, 647
Mohnke, SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm 813, 814, 826, 827
Möllendorf, Rittmeister Leonhard von 673
Molotov, Vyacheslav 192, 195, 196, 204–5, 210, 331, 332–4, 336, 342, 360–1, 734
Moltke, Helmuth James Graf von 665, 666
monasteries, closing of the 427, 428, 430
Mönichkirchen 366, 368
Montgomery, General Bernard 535, 538, 546, 600, 721
Montoire (H/Pétain/Laval discussions, 1940) 330–1
Moravia 46, 164, 165, 172, 318, 479
Moravská-Ostrava 165
Morell, Dr Theodor 36, 171, 411, 612, 674, 694, 726, 727, 728, 798, 801, 803
Morgenthau Plan (1944) 784
Morocco 14, 348
Moscow 397, 400, 416, 435, 477, 534, 536, 769; air-raids 409; the drive to 417, 442, 499; German Embassy 195, 205; and Guderian’s panzer army 437; ‘Marcks Plan’ 408; non-aggression pact signed 210–11, 228; ‘of no great importance’ 335, 345, 346; Operation Typhoon 415, 431; plans to take 408–11, 412, 414, 438, 439, 440
Mosley, Sir Oswald 13, 302
Mühldorf am Inn 78
Müller, General Friedrich-Wilhelm 758
Müller, SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich 464, 492, 758
Munich: Americans reach 834; Artists’ Club 140; bombing of 535, 761; Bürgerbräukeller 137, 271–4, 656; Chamberlain in no; Circus Krone 526; Deutsches Künstlerhaus (‘German Artists’ House’) 37, 38, 132; Feldherrnhalle 140, 840; Hofbräuhaus 614, 623–4, 779, 781; H’s flat in 34, 535; Jewish community 132, 485; Löwenbräukeller 436, 539, 565, 606, 739; Old Town Hall 137, 138, 149; Putsch commemoration 420; ‘Rally of German Art 1939’ 197–8; rebuilding 567, 709; Reich Food Estate’s Agricultural Exhibition (1937) 37; Stoétrupp Hitler wreaks havoc in 138, 149; synagogues demolished 132, 138, 139, 140, 149; Technische Hochschule 258
Munich Agreement (1938) 91, 105, 121–5, 157, 158, 159, 164, 172, 175, 208, 272, 291, 655; the basis of 113; cynical demolition of 173; Göring pushes for peace 89; H’s regrets 163, 230; legacy of 125
Munich University: White Rose opposition-group 552
Münster 427, 429, 791
Müritzsee, Mecklenburg 36
Mussert, Anton 518
Mussolini, Benito xvii, 48, 207, 276, 314, 597, 671; and anti-Bolshevism 285; and antisemitism 285; and Austria 66, 68, 75, 76, 78, 80; Baldwin on 4; and ‘Barbarossa’ 287; Brenner Pass talks 291–2, 327–8, 382–3; captured and executed 826; coins ‘Axis’ term 26; and Czechoslovakia 98, 99, 119, 120–1, 193; desperate to stop the war spreading 222; discusses the French armistice request 297–8; ‘discussions’ with H at Klessheim Castle 513–14; fall of (25 July 1943) 559, 594, 598, 599, 609; freed by SS 602, 689, 734; H loses confidence in 588; H on 25, 601; health 541, 586, 594; and the Heé affair 372, 375, 382–3; and H’s cancelled invasion of Poland (August 1939) 214–16; loss of prestige 347; meeting with H at Feltre 593; and the Munich Agreement 121; prepared to intercede with Britain 219, 222; on Ribbentrop 98; sets up ‘Repubblica di Salò’ in northern Italy 602; and the Spanish Civil War 14; Special Train 291; state visit to Germany (1937) 38, 44–5, 98; talks with H (May 1938) 133; talks with H (January 1941) 346–7; talks with H (April 1943) 581; talks with H (22 April 1944) 633; told of the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; visits FHQ after the assassination attempt 683, 684
Mutschmann, Martin 779
Naples 600
Napoleon Bonaparte xvi, xvii, 188, 384, 385, 393, 400, 412, 453, 455, 470, 499, 561, 644, 713
Narev river 238, 756, 757, 769
Narvik, Norway 286, 288, 289
National Committee of Free Germany 772, 793
‘national community’ xlv, 424
National Labour Day (1 May) 5
‘national rebirth’ xlii, xliv
‘national redemption’ xliv
‘national salvation’ xlii, xliv, xlvi
National Socialist Doctors’ League 254
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) aesthetics of power 5; aims to force Jews out 146; antisemitism xliii; attacks on the Church xxxvi, 29, 40; Bormann restructures 790; business closures 575; and Christianity 424; the crucifix issue 425–6; ‘elections’ of 29
March 1936 xxxv; and the First World War 233; Foreign Organization see Auslandsorganisation; functionaries leave for safer havens (1945) 763; the ‘good old times’ 611; grandiose Party buildings 185; H praises 537; and the Heé affair 374; ‘Horst-Wessel-Lied’ anthem 6, 561; H’s ultimatum demanding the Party leadership (1921) 283; ideological drive 314, 343, 395; Leadership crisis (July 1921) 648; membership xlii; the Nazi calendar 37; nazified Memel population 175; Party Chancellery 372, 421, 424, 568, 709; Party Rally of 1929 255; Party Rally of 1934 6; Party Rally of 1936 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 22–3; Party Rally of 1937 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 45; Party Rally of 1938 108, 109–10; Party Rally of 1939 (cancelled) 197, 214; penal law 256; programme 37, 42, 65; Propaganda Department 474; Putch commemoration 37, 46, 51, 137, 139, 272, 273, 420; Reichsleitung 258; reserves of hard-core Nazi support for H 556; triumphalism 136; ‘world-view’ 40
National Socialist Leadership Officers 616
National Socialist Racial and Political Office (NS-Rasse-und Politisches Amt) 257
nationalism: H galvanizes the nationalist masses xli; Ukrainian 158, 165, 166
Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt (NSV) 424
Naumann, Werner 729, 823
Naval Agreement 189
Nazi Party see National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)
Nebe, SS-Gruppenführer Arthur 318, 466
Neckar River 139
Neisse river 793
Nemmersdorf 738
Nero, Emperor 594
Netherlands 405, 434, 745, 834; bombing of Rotterdam 295; German invasion plans 659; Jews flee to 145–6; neutrality 277; the Queen and government flee to exile 294
Neumann, Ernst 166
Neurath, Konstantin Freiherr von 4, 25, 26, 43, 47, 49, 50, 58, 59, 67, 68, 69, 76, 90, 120, 121, 481, 586, 599, 837
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