Ian Kershaw - Hitler. 1936-1945 - Nemesis
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- Название:Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis
- Автор:
- Издательство:Penguin Books
- Жанр:
- Год:2001
- Город:New York
- ISBN:978-0-14-192581-3
- Рейтинг книги:3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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Nemesis
Following the enormous success of HITLER: HUBRIS this book triumphantly completes one of the great modern biographies. No figure in twentieth century history more clearly demands a close biographical understanding than Adolf Hitler; and no period is more important than the Second World War. Beginning with Hitler’s startling European successes in the aftermath of the Rhinelland occupation and ending nine years later with the suicide in the Berlin bunker, Kershaw allows us as never before to understand the motivation and the impact of this bizarre misfit. He addresses the crucial questions about the unique nature of Nazi radicalism, about the Holocaust and about the poisoned European world that allowed Hitler to operate so effectively.
George VI thought him a “damnable villain,” and Neville Chamberlain found him not quite a gentleman; but, to the rest of the world, Adolf Hitler has come to personify modern evil to such an extent that his biographers always have faced an unenviable task. The two more renowned biographies of Hitler—by Joachim C. Fest (
) and by Alan Bullock (
)—painted a picture of individual tyranny which, in the words of A. J. P. Taylor, left Hitler guilty and every other German innocent. Decades of scholarship on German society under the Nazis have made that verdict look dubious; so, the modern biographer of Hitler must account both for his terrible mindset and his charismatic appeal. In the second and final volume of his mammoth biography of Hitler—which covers the climax of Nazi power, the reclamation of German-speaking Europe, and the horrific unfolding of the final solution in Poland and Russia—Ian Kershaw manages to achieve both of these tasks. Continuing where
left off, the epic
takes the reader from the adulation and hysteria of Hitler's electoral victory in 1936 to the obsessive and remote “bunker” mentality that enveloped the Führer as Operation Barbarossa (the attack on Russia in 1942) proved the beginning of the end. Chilling, yet objective. A definitive work.
—Miles Taylor At the conclusion of Kershaw’s
(1999), the Rhineland had been remilitarized, domestic opposition crushed, and Jews virtually outlawed. What the genuinely popular leader of Germany would do with his unchallenged power, the world knows and recoils from. The historian's duty, superbly discharged by Kershaw, is to analyze how and why Hitler was able to ignite a world war, commit the most heinous crime in history, and throw his country into the abyss of total destruction. He didn't do it alone. Although Hitler's twin goals of expelling Jews and acquiring “living space" for other Germans were hardly secret, “achieving” them did not proceed according to a blueprint, as near as Kershaw can ascertain. However long Hitler had cherished launching an all-out war against the Jews and against Soviet Russia, as he did in 1941, it was only conceivable as reality following a tortuous series of events of increasing radicality, in both foreign and domestic politics. At each point, whether haranguing a mass audience or a small meeting of military officers, the demagogue had to and did persuade his listeners that his course of action was the only one possible. Acquiescence to aggression and genocide was further abetted by the narcotic effect of the “Hitler myth,” the propagandized image of the infallible leader as national savior, which produced a force for radicalization parallel to Hitler’s personal murderous fanaticism; the motto of the time called it “working towards the Fuhrer.” Underlings in competition with each other would do what they thought Hitler wanted, as occurred with aspects of organizing the Final Solution. Kershaw’s narrative connecting this analysis gives outstanding evidence that he commands and understands the source material, producing this magisterial scholarship that will endure for decades.
—Gilbert Taylor
* * *
Amazon.com Review
From Booklist
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Интервал:
Закладка:
Richthofen, Colonel-General Wolfram Freiherr von 544
Riefenstahl, Leni 6
Riem racecourse 576
Riga 483, 485, 486
Ritter von Greim, Colonel-General Robert 738, 739, 812, 820, 821, 836
Rohland, Walter 440
Röhm, Captain Ernst xxxvii, 52, 53, 358, 814
Romania 174, 333, 617, 719, 734; collapse of 723, 724; an economic satellite of Germany 194; and the ‘Jewish Question’ 134; joins the Tripartite Pact 361; oil-fields 305, 328, 343, 347, 361, 388, 413, 414, 418, 549, 603, 635; protection of oil-fields 305, 328; Soviet designs on 332
Romanian army 384, 538, 543, 549, 554, 602, 625–6, 723
Rome 58; Allies take 638; German Embassy 600; Germany takes 600; Göring visits 68, 546; H in (1938) 98; Jewish community 604; planned occupation of 595, 598
Rominten, East Prussia 709
Rommel, Erwin 348, 514, 523, 524, 534, 538, 540, 546, 581, 586, 595, 599, 631, 638, 641, 642, 643, 649, 696, 717–18, 733
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 446, 536, 612, 782; armaments output claims 516–17; death 791; declares war on Japan 442; the Evian Conference 145; grant of fifty destroyers to Britain 310; H’s response to his telegram 189; meeting with Churchill at Casablanca 577; at Yalta 761, 778
Roques, General Karl von 467
Rosenberg, Alfred 39, 149, 184, 199, 205–6, 244, 265, 320, 374, 405–6, 433, 478, 479, 483, 491, 800, 837
Roslavl 451
Rostock 509–10
Rostov 345, 439, 441, 444, 529
Roter Frontkämpferbund (Red Front Fighters’ League) 272
Rothschilds, Die (antisemitic film) 423
Rotterdam 295
Röver, Ganleiter Carl 515, 516
Royal Air Force (RAF): Battle of Britain 309; Bomber Command 597, 761; bombs the Berghof 809; and Dresden 761; and Dunkirk 296; first bombing raids on Berlin 309; German attacks on airfields of southern England 309; nightly raids intensified 535
Royal Navy: and the Anglo-German naval treaty (1935) xxxviii; destruction of French ships at Mers-el-Kébir 301; Germany’s challenge to supremacy of 178; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; submarines in the Mediterranean 543; US grant of fifty destroyers 310
Royal Observer Corps 370
Ruhr 162, 186, 265, 277, 587, 719, 784, 791, 792
Runciman, Lord 108, 109
Rundstedt, Field-Marshal Gerd von 103, 268, 269, 270, 290, 296, 345, 393, 394, 408, 415, 441, 533, 617, 628, 639, 642, 649, 659, 688, 717, 733, 737, 760–61
Russia see Soviet Union
Russia-Centre 466
Russian Empire 355
Russian Revolution 205
Rust, Bernhard 800
Ruthenia (Carpatho-Ukraine) 157–8, 165, 166, 167
Ryti, State President Risto 525, 724
Rzhev area 531
SA (Sturmabteilung): and the armed forces xxxvii; dissatisfaction with the non-aggression pact 206; murder of leaders (1934) xxxix, 248, 358
SA-Reserve 139
Saar 81, 785; plebiscite (1935) 75, 76
Saar-Palatinate 315
Saarbrücken 297
Sachenhausen concentration camp 141, 274, 768
St Germain, Treaty of (1919) 65
St Lamberti Church, Münster 427
St Nazaire 660, 719
Salmuth, General Hans von 358
Salonika 361, 362, 366, 367, 595
Salzburg 70, 71, 202, 212, 643
Salzkammergut, near Salzburg 595
San Remo 16
San river 238
Sander, Lieutenant Ludolf Gerhard 673
Sanssouci 36
Saône river 722
Sardinia 586, 587, 592, 600
Sauckel, Fritz 563, 567–8, 707, 837
Saur, Karl Otto 633, 634, 823
Scandinavia 194, 286–9, 293, 332, 434
Schach, Gerhard 680
Schacht, Hjalmar 19, 89, 188, 225, 227, 320, 690; dispute with Darré 10; and Göring 11, 19; leaves the Economics Ministry 42, 46; opposes rearmament 9, 18; political impotence 146; replaced by Funk 58, 143; sacked as President of the Reichsbank 161; standing abroad 21–2
Schädle, Franz 833
Scharnhorst (battleship) 504
Scharnhorst, Gerhard von 644
Schaub, Julius 31–2, 140, 149, 235, 294, 643, 738, 797, 800, 805
Scheldt estuary 722–3
Schellenberg, SS-Brigadeführer Walter 689, 817, 819
Schenck, Dr Ernst Günther 826
Schiller Theatre 150
Schirach, Baldur von 7, 315, 351, 482, 590, 755, 837
Schirach, Henriette von 590
Schlabrendorff, Fabian von 659, 661, 662
Schlegelberger, Franz 506, 508
Schleicher, Kurt von xxxvii, 814
Schleswig-Holstein (battleship) 222
Schlitt, Ewald 508–9, 510–11
Schloß Belvedere, Vienna 360
Schloß Hirschberg, near Weilheim 736
Schmidt, Ernest 299
Schmidt, Guido 68–9, 71
Schmidt, Otto 54, 55, 56
Schmidt, Dr Paul 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 170, 171, 213, 214, 219–20, 223, 322, 581, 627, 628, 683
Schmorell, Alexander 552
Schmundt, Major-General Rudolf 119, 191, 192, 214, 235, 291, 294, 414, 450, 451, 452, 454, 478, 532, 533, 543, 549, 628, 630, 643, 660, 674, 726, 733, 788
Schnurre, Karl 196
Schoengarth, Karl 492
Scholl, Hans 552, 663
Scholl, Sophie 552, 663
Schönerer, Georg 65, 83
Schorfheide 799
Schörner, Field-Marshal Ferdinand 630, 724, 754, 758, 802, 815,825
Schroeder, Christa 30, 171, 235, 396–7, 398, 455, 500, 798, 800
Schulenburg, Count Friedrich Werner von der 195, 196, 210, 334
Schulenburg, Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der 667, 683, 690
Schuschnigg, Kurt 58, 96; meetings with Hitler 61, 69, 70–2; proposed referendum on Austrian independence 64, 74, 76, 77, 80; resignation 75–7; von Papen plans to topple 45, 67, 69
Schwägermann, Günther 833
Schwanenwerder 150
Schwarze Korps , Das (SS organ) 151, 257
Schwede-Colburg, Franz 261
Schweinfurt, Lower Franconia 142
Schwerin, General Gerd Graf von 737
Schwerin, Lieutenant-Colonel Gerhard Graf von 225
Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz Graf 790, 800, 823, 834
Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, Ulrich Wilhelm Graf 690, 692
Schwielow Lake 826
Scotland 369, 373, 377, 379
SD (Sicherheitsdienst; Security Service) 42, 107, 365, 430, 476, 596, 606; cooperation over massacre of Jews 465; and a ‘crisis in confidence’ (1942) 508; discrimination against Jews 472; on economic expansion 186; and the Einsatzgruppen 382; and Goebbels’ ‘The Jews are Guilty’ article 482; and the Heé affair 374; and H’s battle against the Jews 494; H’s speeches 540; on the intervention of the NSDAP in business closures 575; and Jewish resettlement 134, 135, 320; ‘Jewish Section’ (Judenreferat) 42, 84; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; and newsreels of H 501; reports joy at H’s survival 699–702; role in shaping anti-Jewish policy 133
Sea of Azov 435, 526, 532, 599
Second Reich 65
Second World War: the attack on the West 266, 267, 275, 276, 278–9, 284, 286, 293; Britain declares war on Germany 223; fatalities 236, 297, 394, 404, 446, 490, 515, 547, 578, 647, 717, 726, 760, 764; first extermination unit (in Chelmno, 1941) 485; France declares war on Germany 223; German drive for ‘total war’ 548–9; Germany declares war on the USA 446; H’s aims for Scandinavia 288; H’s peace ‘offer’ 239, 265–6, 267; Jewish ‘guilt’ 489; Operation Barbarossa begins 393; responsibility for 224; Ribbentrop blamed 226; spring offensive begins (8 May 1942) 514; the summer offensive (1942) 526–30; the ‘world war’ term 490
Security Police 318, 324, 325, 336, 353, 355, 365, 382, 395, 464, 465, 467, 475, 486, 495
Security Service see SD
Seeckt, General Hans von 44, 205
Seldte, Franz 800
‘September Murders’ (Poland, 1939) 242
Serbia 476
Serbs 365
Serrano Suñer, Ramón 327
Sevastopol 451, 514, 523, 526, 630, 631, 735
Seven Years War 610–11, 742, 783, 792
Seydlitz-Kurzbach, General Walter 628–9, 772
Seyé-Inquart, Arthur 69–72, 74–9, 823, 837
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