Robert Service - Lenin - A Biography

Kammerer, Luisa & Titus, 1

Kamo (pseud., i.e. Semyon A. Ter-Petrosian), 1

Karamzin, Nikolai, 1

Karpinski, Vladimir, 1, 2

Kashkadamova, Vera, 1

Kautsky, Karl: influence on L, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; L cites, 6; financial responsibilities, 7, 8, 9; and Party factional disputes, 10; supports German Party’s vote on war credits, 11; disbelieves workers’ revolution, 12; and plans for socialist government, 13, 14; L refutes, 15, 16, 17; invited to Swiss internationalist socialist conferences, 18; L insults, 19; in L’s The State and Revolution , 20; criticises L’s interpretation of Marx, 21; L denounces for not challenging German capitalism, 22; The Agrarian Question , 23

Kazan, 1, 2, 3, 14; see also Imperial Kazan University

Kedrov, Mikhail, 1

Keep, John, 1

Kerenski, Alexander: on political techniques, 1; father teaches L, 2; L posits possible alliance with Milyukov, 3; and February 1917 revolution, 4; self-confidence, 5; reputation and publicity, 6; maintains commitment to conduct of war, 7, 8; and failure of Russian military offensive, 9; appointed prime minister, 10, 11; L accuses of despotism, 12; differences with Kornilov, 13; forms Directory, 14; and L’s proposals for insurrection, 15; mounts army patrols, 16; Trotski announces overthrow of, 17; possible abandonment by Mensheviks, 18; escapes, 19; armed opposition to Bolsheviks, 20; film appearances, 21

Kerenski, Fëdor, 1, 2

Keskuela, Alexander, 1

Keynes, John Maynard, 1

Khalturin, Stepan, 1, 2, 3

Khardin, Andrei, 1, 2

Khrushchëv, Nikita S., 1, 2

Kiental: internationalist socialist conference (1916), 1, 2

Kierkegaard, Søren, 1

Klasson, Robert, 1, 2, 3

Klemperer, Georg, 1, 2, 3, 4

Kobachidze (Georgian official), 1

Kocher, Theodor, 1

Kokushkino (estate), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Kolchak, Admiral Alexander, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Kollontai, Alexandra: in Oslo in First World War, 1; and February 1917 revolution, 2; and L’s 1917 arrival in Petrograd, 3, 4; supports nervous L in speechmaking, 5; arrested and imprisoned, 6; and Dybenko’s arrest, 7; leads Workers’ Opposition, 8; L concedes to demands, 9; takes trip down Volga, 10; on L and Inessa Armand, 11; disputes with Inessa, 12; The Love of Worker Bees , 13

kombedy (committees of village poor), 1, 2, 3

Komuch (Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Komykova, Alexandra (bookseller), 1

Kornilov, General Lavr, 1, 2, 3, 4

Korobko (St Petersburg Marxist), 1

Koshelnikov, Yakov, 1

Kozhevnikov, Dr A.M., 1, 2

Kraków (Poland), 1, 2

Kramer, Professor Vasili, 1, 2

Krasin, Leonid, 1, 2, 3, 4

Krasnov, General Pëtr N., 1

Krasnoyarsk, 1

Kremer, Alexander, 1

Kremlëv, Rector N.A., 1

Kremlin, Moscow: L moves into, 1; L revisits during final illness, 1

Krestinskaya, Vera, 1

Krestinski, Nikolai, 1, 2, 3

Kronstadt: sailors’ hostility to Provisional Government, 1; naval mutiny in, 2, 3

Krumbyugel, L. (St Petersburg publishers), 1

Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinova (Nadya): marriage to and relations with L, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17; relations with L’s family, 18, 19, 20, 21; in discussion group with L, 22; L writes to in code from prison, 23; joins L in Shushenskoe (Siberia), 24, 25, 26, 27; background and career, 28; revolutionary activities and interests, 29; appearance and health, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34; childlessness, 35, 36, 37, 38; term of exile, 39, 40; on love in L’s life, 41; joins L in Munich, 42; protects L from followers, 43; in London with L, 44; cooking inadequacy, 45, 46, 47; entertains Trotski, 48; and L’s ill-health, 49, 50, 51; helps L’s followers, 52; Swiss holiday with L, 53; and L’s railing against Bolshevik colleagues, 54; attends Second Party Congress, 55; returns to St Petersburg with L (1905), 56; in Finland, 57; flees Finland, 58; organises liaison with Russian Bolsheviks, 59; joins L in Stockholm, 60; in Paris, 61, 62; cycling trips with L, 63; and L’s relations with Inessa Armand, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68; moves with L to Kraków, 69; as secretary of Foreign Bureau of Central Committee, 70; moves to Poronin, 71; operation for thyroid, 72; improved relations with Inessa Armand, 73; under suspicion at outbreak of First World War, 74; flees to neutral Switzerland, 75; and mother’s death, 76; stands by L in war, 77; keeps record of political contacts, 78; financial difficulties, 79; plans Pedagogical Encyclopaedia ,80; learns of February 1917 revolution, 81; and L’s 1917 return to Russia, 82, 83, 84; and L’s new style in Petrograd, 85; gives up secretaryship post, 86; works in Vyborg industrial district, 87, 88; interrogated about L’s whereabouts, 89; absence from L during refuge in Finland, 90; visits L in Petrograd, 91; life with L in Petrograd, 92; appointed Deputy Commissar of Popular Enlightenment, 93; and L’s overwork, 94; Finnish holiday with L, 95; moves with government to Moscow, 96, 97; convalesces, 98; and assassination attempt on L, 99; joins L on private walks, 100; medical treatment in Sokolniki, 101; on workers’ intransigence, 102, 103; letters from L, 104; visits Volga region, 105; and death of Inessa Armand, 106; joins L at Gorki, 107; nurses L after stroke, 108, 109; quarrels with Maria Ilinichna, 110; given right to open L’s sealed letter to Party Congress, 111; sits with and assists L during illness, 112, 113, 114; Stalin abuses, 115, 116; present at L’s coma and death, 117; and Trotski’s party split, 118; and L’s funeral and embalming, 119; memorialises L, 120; relations with Stalin after L’s death, 121

Krupskaya, Yelizaveta Vasilevna (Nadezhda’s mother): accompanies daughter in exile, 1, 2, 3; cooks for L, 4, 5; health suffers in Siberia, 6; meets L’s sisters, 7; travels abroad with daughter, 8, 9, 10, 11; refuses to re-emigrate to Switzerland, 12; relations with L, 13; death, 14

Krushvits (tenant farmer), 1, 2, 3, 4

Krzhizhanovski, Gleb, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Kseshinskaya mansion (site of April 1917 Party Conference) 1

Kseshinskaya, Matilda, 1

Kuibyshev, Valeryan, 1, 2

kulaki : L defines, 1; L urges suppression of, 2, 3; Osip Chernov defends, 4; attacked at 10th Party Conference, 5; see also peasants

Kun, Béla, 1, 2, 3

Kuokkala (Finland), 1, 2

Kuskova, Yekaterina D., 1

Lafargue, Paul, 1, 2

Lalayants, Isaak, 1, 2

land: restored to peasants, 1, 2, 3, 4; L abandons call for nationalisation of, 5; Chernov’s policy on, 6; L’s 1917 decree on, 7, 8, 9, 10; private owenership abolished, 11; basic law on socialisation of, 12

Land and Freedom (party), 1, 2

Lapshin (bird-catcher), 1

Larin, Yuri, 1, 2

Lashevich, Mikhail M., 1

Latvia, 1, 2

Lavrov, Pëtr, 1

Lebedour, Georg, 1

Le Bon, Gustave, 1

Left Communists, 1, 2, 3, 4

Left Opposition, 1

Left Socialist-Revolutionaries: refuse to join coalition with Bolsheviks, 1; Shteinberg leads, 2; confidence in European socialist revolution, 3; co-operate with Bolsheviks in government, 4, 5, 6; and elections to Constituent Assembly, 7, 8; refuse to accept Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 9, 10; withdraw from government, 11; separate from Bolsheviks, 12; uprising against Bolsheviks, 13, 14, 15; at 5th Congress of Soviets, 16; L suppresses, 17, 18

Legcher, Dr, 1 Lengnik, Fridrikh V., 2, 3

Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (born Ulyanov): names, 1; achievements, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; excuses Malinovski, 9; demands and predicts revolution, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17; documentation on, 18; personality, 19, 20, 21; hostility towards Stalin, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29; attachment to Inessa Armand, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37; attitude to and interest in women, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42; destructive urges, 43; education, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49; family background and ancestry, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55; reaction to brother Alexander’s execution, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61; relations with Krupskaya, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73; introduces NEP, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80; reading, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93; initial obscurity, 94; poor health, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109; birth, 110; Jewish blood, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117; grandfather Blank examines, 118; childhood, 119, 120; appearance and dress, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129; eyesight, 130; relations with siblings, 131, 132; marriage, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138; knowledge of classics, 139, 140, 141; attitude to artistic interests, 142; accident while fishing, 143; and father’s death, 144; misbehaviour after father’s death, 145; anti-social manner, 146, 147; gives up smoking, 148; studies law at Imperial Kazan University, 149, 150; atheism, 151, 152, 153; life at Kokushkino, 154; early revolutionary ideas and activities, 155, 156, 157, 158; financial resources, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165; expelled from Kazan University, 166; chess-playing, 167; attitude to peasants, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180; life at Alakaevka, 181; translating, 182, 183; repudiates sentiment in politics, 184, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190; brings action against Arefev, 191; registers at St Petersburg University, 192; helped and supported by sisters and mother, 193, 194, 195, 196; temper, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203; qualifies and practises as lawyer, 204, 205, 206; on Volga famine (1891–2), 207; revolutionary activities in St Petersburg, 208, 209, 210; writing, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, ref; belligerence in discussion, 230; remoteness from workers, 231; linguistic talents, 232, 233; Russianism, 234; hatred of established order, 235; cycling, 236, 237, 238; gastric problems, 239, 240, 241; love of order and tidiness, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247; uses pseudonyms and aliases, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252; difficulty with German language, 253, 254; travels to Switzerland (1895), 255; arrested and detained, 256; exile in Siberia, 257, 258; affection for mother, 276, 277, 278; nervous tension, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287; need for heroes, 288; hunting and fishing, 289, 290, 291; mentioned in Encyclopaedic Dictionary , 292; leaves Russia (1900), 2 93; relations with Plekhanov, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299; disillusioned by Plekhanov, 300; life in Munich, 301; passion for Wagner, 302; adopts name Lenin, 303; proposes clandestine party, 304; literary style, 305; attracts followers, 306; leadership and authority, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320; in London, 321; learns English, 322; suffers from erysipelas, 323, 324, 325; attends Second Party Congress, 326, 327; and Bolshevik-Menshevik split, 328, 329; resigns from Iskra and Party Council, 330; self-belief, 331, 332, 333, 334; in Paris, 335, 336, 337; Swiss holiday, 338; hears of 1905 ‘Bloody Sunday’ massacre, 339; attends Third Party Congress, 340; standpoint on European War, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346; declines to return to Russia, 347, 348; returns to St Petersburg (1905–6), 349; oratory and speechmaking, 350, 351; advocates violent methods and terror, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362; attends Fourth Party Congress, 363; in Finland (1906–7), 363; attends Fifth Party Congress, 364; leaves Finland for Geneva, 365; eating habits, 366; relations with mother-in-law, 367, 368; disputes and breach with Bogdanov, 369, 370; visits Gorki in Capri, 371; overwork and strain, 372,373, 374, 375, 376; resigns from board of Social-Democrat , 377; remains childless, 378, 379, 380; travels in Europe, 381; decides on Party Conference (1911), 382; intellectual influences on, 383, 384; sense of mission, 385, 386; serves on Party Central Committee, 387, 388; growing reputation among socialist parties, 389; in Kraków, 390, 391; ends relationship with Inessa Armand, 392, 393, 394, 395; outdoor recreations, 396, 397, 398, 399; and factionalism among Bolsheviks, 400, 401; spends time in Galicia, 402; remoteness from daily affairs, 403; apprehended and released in Poland, 404; refuge in neutral Switzerland, 405; discusses matters of love with Inessa, 406; and mother’s death, 407; separation from Russian activities in war, 408, 409; plans socialist government, 410, 411; notebooks, 412, 413, 414; develops political philosophy, 41; believes in international socialist revolution, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426; pre-Revolution qualities and status, 427; learns of February 1917 revolution, 428; return to Russia (1917), 429; idolised by sister Anna, 430; political passions, 431; presents revolutionary programme in Petrograd (1917), 432; mixes with workers, 433, 434; political style and manner, 435; heart attacks, 436, 437, 438, 439; image and propaganda, 440, 441, 442; press opposition to, 443; leaves and returns to Petrograd (June-July 1917), 444; pacifies armed demonstrators (1917), 445; denounced as German spy, 446; Provisional Government issues arrest warrant for, 446; flight, hiding and refuge in Finland, 447, 448; shaves off beard and moustache, 449; revised policies rejected by Central Committee, 500, 501, 502, 503; evasions and untruthfulness, 504; political illiberalism and prejudices, 505, 506; calls for immediate insurrection, 507; wears wigs for disguise, 508, 509; addresses Central Committee on need for insurrection, 510; plans and proposes October Revolution, 511, 512; addresses Petrograd Soviet on October Revolution, 513; assumes power, 514, 515, 516, 517; drafts and presents decrees, 518, 519, 520; appointed Chairman of Sovnarkom, 521, 522, 523; governmental aims and objectives, 524, 524, 526, 527, 528; government’s durability questioned, 529; sets up Extraordinary Commission, 530; class attitudes, 531, 532, 533; life with Krupskaya in Petrograd, 534; satirised, 535; working practices and assistants, 536, 537, 538, 539; proposes separate peace in World War I (Brest-Litovsk Treaty), 540, 541, 542, 543, 544; Finnish holiday (December 1917), 545; authoritarianism, 546, 547, 548, 549; demands discipline of workers, 550; assassination attempts on, 551, 552, 553; forces closure of Constituent Assembly, 554; moves with government to Moscow, 555; economic policies, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561; misidentified, fired at and arrested, 562; and assassination of Romanovs, 563; part in Civil War, 564, 565, 566, 567; organising and administration, 568, 569, 570, 571; robbed by armed men, 572; remoteness from provincial administration, 573, 574; at First Congress of Comintern, 575; on national question, 576, 577, 578; justifications at 8th Party Congress, 579; and party supremacy, 580, 397, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586; appears in film, 587; tolerance of workers’ intransigence, 588, 589; post-Revolution policies, 590, 591; dispute with Trotski over grain requisitioning, 592; loses revolver to bodyguard, 593; fiftieth birthday celebrations, 594; launches war against Poland, 595, 596, 597; at Second Comintern Congress, 598, 599; sues for peace after defeat by Poland, 600; German Communist Party opposes, 601; and death of Inessa Armand, 602, 603; justifies war with Poland, 604; in ‘trade union discussion’, 605, 606; at 10th Party Congress, 607; on workers’ control of factories, 608; attacked at 10th Party Conference, 609; declares for ‘peaceful coexistence’, 610; convalesces at Gorki, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616; work-load reduced on health grounds, 617, 618, 619; loses will to work, 620; mental state and ‘obsessions’, 621; considers suicide, 622, 623, 624; operation for removal of bullet, 625, 626; specialist medical examinations and diagnoses, 627, 628; suffers strokes, 629, 630, 631, 632; Political Testament, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637; in party disputes over foreign trade and constitution, 638; social manners, 639; addresses 4th Comintern Congress, 640; considers successors, 641, 642, 643, 644; dictates to secretaries during illness, 645, 646, 647, 648; final coma, death and funeral, 649; embalmed and displayed in mausoleum, 650; posthumous reputation and cult, 651, 652