Alphonse Candolle - Origin of Cultivated Plants

Griffith, Reports ; Wallich, quoted by Hooker, Fl. Brit. India , i. p. 293.

Anderson, quoted by Hooker.

The Colonies and India, Gardener’s Chronicle , 1880, i. p. 659.

Speech at the Bot. Cong. of London in 1866.

Flora , 1868, p. 64.

Planchon, in Hooker, Journal of Botany , vol. vii. p. 165.

Heer, Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten , in 4to, Zürich, 1865, p. 35; Ueber den Flachs und die Flachskultur , in 4to, Zürich, 1872.

Loret, Observations Critiques sur Plusieurs Plantes Montpelliéraines , in the Revue des Sc. Nat. , 1875.

Boissier, Flora Orient. , i. p. 851. It is L. usitatissimum of Kotschy, No. 164.

Boissier, ibid. ; Hohenh., Enum. Talysch. , p. 168.

Steven, Verzeichniss der auf der taurischen Halbinseln wildwachsenden Pflanzen , Moscow, 1857, p. 91.

Heer, Ueb. d. Flachs , pp. 17 and 22.

Jordan, quoted by Walpers, Annal. , vol. ii., and by Heer, p. 22.

Ball, Spicilegium Fl. Marocc. , p. 380.

Munby, Catal. , edit. 2, p. 7.

Rohlf, according to Cosson, Bulle. Soc. Bot. de Fr. , 1875, p. 46.

Planchon, in Hooker’s Journal of Botany , vol. 7; Bentham, Handbk. of Brit. Flora , edit. 4, p. 89.

Planchon, ibid.

Boissier, Fl. Or. , i. p. 861.

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais. , p. 833.

Thomson, Annals of Philosophy, June, 1834 ; Dutrochet, Larrey, and Costaz, Comptes rendus de l’Acad. des. Sc. , Paris, 1837, sem. i. p. 739; Unger, Bot. Streifzüge , iv. p. 62.

Other Hebrew words are interpreted “flax,” but this is the most certain. See Hamilton, La Botanique de la Bible , Nice, 1871, p. 58.

Piddington, Index Ind. Plants ; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. , edit. 1832, ii. p. 110. The name matusi indicated by Piddington belongs to other plants, according to Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Euro. , edit. 2, vol. i. p. 396.

Heer, Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten , 8vo pamphlet, Zürich, 1865, p. 35; Ueber den Flachs und die Flachskultur in Alterthum , pamphlet in 8vo, Zürich, 1872.

Bertoloni, Fl. Ital. , iv. p. 612.

We have seen that flax is found towards the north-west of Europe, but not immediately north of the Alps. Perhaps the climate of Switzerland was formerly more equable than it is now, with more snow to shelter perennial plants.

Mittheil. Anthropol. Gesellschaft , Wien, vol. vi. pp. 122, 161; Abhandl., Wien Akad. , 84, p. 488.

Sordelli, Sulle piante della torbiera e della stazione preistorica della Lagozza , pp. 37, 51, printed at the conclusion of Castelfranco’s Notizie alla stazione lacustre della Lagozza , in 8vo, Atti della Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. , 1880.

The fowl was introduced into Greece from Asia in the sixth century before Christ, according to Heer, Ueb. d. Flachs , p. 25.

These discoveries in the peat-mosses of Lagozza and elsewhere in Italy show how far Hehn was mistaken in supposing that ( Kulturpfl. , edit. 3, 1877, p. 524) the Swiss lake-dwellers were near the time of Cæsar. The men of the same civilization as they to the south of the Alps were evidently more ancient than the Roman republic, perhaps than the Ligurians.

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ. , edit. 2, vol. i. p. 396.

Van Eys, Dict. Basque-Français , 1876; Gèze, Eléments de Grammaire Basque suivis d’un vocabulaire , Bayonne, 1873; Salaberry, Mots Basques Navarrais , Bayonne, 1856; l’Ecluse, Vocab. Franç. – Basque , 1826.

Nemnich, Poly. Lex. d. Naturgesch. , ii. p. 420; Rafn, Danmark Flora , ii. p. 390.

Nemnich, ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Fick, Vergl. Worterbuch. Ind. Germ. , 2nd edit., i. p. 722. He also derives the name Lina from the Latin linum ; but this name is of earlier date, being common to several European Aryan languages.

Pliny, bk. xix. c. 1: Vere satum æstate vellitur .

Unger, Botanische Streifzüge , 1866, No. 7, p. 15.

A. Braun, Die Pflanzenreste des Ægyptischen Museums in Berlin , in 8vo, 1877, p. 4.

Rosellini, pls. 35 and 36, quoted by Unger, Bot. Streifzüge , No. 4, p. 62.

W. Schimper, Ascherson, Boissier, Schweinfurth, quoted by Braun.

Heer, Ueb. d. Flachs , p. 26.

Maspero, Histoire Ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient. , edit. 3, Paris, 1878, p. 13.

Journal of the Royal Asiat. Soc. , vol. xv. p. 271, quoted by Heer, Ueb. den Fl.

Maspero, p. 213.

The Greek texts are quoted in Lenz, Bot. der Alt. Gr. und Röm. , p. 672; and in Hehn, Culturpfl. und Hausthiere , edit. 3, p. 144.

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ.

Dictionnaire Franç. – Berbère , 1 vol. in 8vo, 1844.

Rumphius, Amboin , vol. v. p. 212; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. , ii. p. 581; Loureiro, Fl. Cochinchine , vi. p. 408.

Blume, Bijdragen , i. p. 110.

Zollinger, Nos. 1698 and 2761.

Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeylan. , p. 31.

Edgeworth, Linnæan Soc. Journ. , ix.

Masters, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind. , i. p. 397.

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin. , i. p. 408.

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. , i. p. 66.

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Naturgesch.

Von Heldreich, Die Nützpfl. Griechenl. , p. 53.

Masters, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind. , i. p. 397; Aitchison, Catal. Punjab , p. 23; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. , ii. p. 581.