Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 List of Contributors

5 Preface

6 1 An Introduction to Salt Stress Perception and Toxicity Level: Worldwide Report at a Glance 1.1 Soil Salinity: An Introduction 1.2 Salt Stress Perception and Current Scenario 1.3 Types of Salt Stress 1.4 Origin of Problems 1.5 Salt Toxicity Level: A Worldwide Report 1.6 Effect of Salt Stress on Flora and Fauna of the Ecosystem 1.7 Role in Sustainable Agriculture 1.8 Unintended Effects of Salt‐Containing Substance Application in Agricultural Land 1.9 Role of Salt Toxicity in the Operation of Green Revolution 1.10 Reaching the Current Status and Conclusion Acknowledgments References

7 2 Effects of Salt Stress on Physiology of Crop Plants: At Cellular Level 2.1 Soil Salinity and Plants 2.2 Crop Loss Due to Salt Toxicity – An Estimation Worldwide 2.3 Effect of Salt Stress on Target and Nontarget Plants and Microorganisms 2.4 Effect of Salt Stress on Physiology of Crop Plants 2.5 Halophytes and Their Physiology 2.6 Halophytes in Agriculture and Land Management 2.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References

8 3 Effects of Salt Stress on Biochemistry of Crop Plants 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Effects of Salt Stress on Lipid Metabolism 3.3 Effects of Salt Stress on the Amino Acids Synthesis and Nitrogen Metabolism 3.4 Effects of Salt Stress on Protein Biosynthesis 3.5 Effect of Salt Stress on the Oxidation of Membrane Proteins 3.6 Effect of ROS on the Nucleic Acid Formation 3.7 DNA–Protein Cross‐links 3.8 Effect of Salt Stress on Dephosphorylation of RNA and DNA 3.9 Future Advances and Conclusion References

9 4 Salt Ion Transporters in Crop Plants at Cellular Level 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Absorption of Na +from Soil and Its Compartmentalization in Plant Cell 4.3 Salt Ions Regulation in Plant Cells and Tissues 4.4 Role of Ion Channels and Salt Ion Transporter in Crop Plants at Cellular Level 4.5 Transport of Na +Through SOS Signal Transduction Pathway: At Cellular Level 4.6 Role of Salt Tolerance Responsive Genes in Transport of Na +and Cl −Ions 4.7 Role of Ions in Salt Stress Tolerance 4.8 Reaching the Current Status and Conclusion References

10 5 Salt Ion and Nutrient Interactions in Crop Plants: Prospective Signaling 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Effects of Salt Stress on Nutrient Absorption 5.3 Effects of Salt Stress on Nutrient Cycling in Crop Plants 5.4 Salt Ion and Nutrient Interactions in Crop Plants 5.5 Effect of Salt Stress on Nutrient Transporters 5.6 Role of Nutrient Interactions: Prospective Signaling 5.7 Future Prospective and Conclusion References

11 6 Effects of Salt Stress on the Morphology, Anatomy, and Gene Expression of Crop Plants 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Salt Stress and Effects on Morphology of Plants 6.3 Photosynthetic Pigments and Osmolytes Accumulation 6.4 Effect of Saline Stress on Floral Organs 6.5 Anatomical Features and Salt Stress 6.6 Yield and Related Traits 6.7 Salt Stress and its Effect on Gene Expression 6.8 Conclusion References

12 7 Effect of Salt Stress on Soil Chemistry and Plant‐Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC) 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Effect of Salt Stress on Soil Component 7.3 Soil Chemistry Affecting Factors in Agricultural Land 7.4 Soil Salinity Effect on Crop Plants 7.5 An Introduction to Soil, Plant‐Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC) 7.6 Salt Absorption by Root Tissues and Their Effect on Plant‐Atmosphere Continuum 7.7 Translocation of Salt Ions in the Vascular System of Crop Plants 7.8 Current Status and Conclusion Acknowledgements References

13 8 Effects of Salt Stress on Nutrient Cycle and Uptakeof Crop Plants 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Limitation of Nutrient Cycle and Uptake of Nutrients 8.3 Nutrient Cycle or Biogeochemical Cycle 8.4 Effect of Salt Stress on Carbon Cycle 8.5 Effect of Salt Stress on Oxygen and Water Cycle 8.6 Effect of Salt Stress on Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria and Biogeochemical Cycle of Nitrogen 8.7 Effect of Salt Stress on Phosphorous Bacteria and Biogeochemical Cycle of Phosphorus 8.8 Effect of Salt Stress on Sulfur Bacteria and Biogeochemical Cycle of Sulfur 8.9 Future Prospective and Conclusion References

14 9 Salt‐Induced Effects on Crop Plants and Counteract Mitigating Strategy by Antioxidants System 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Formation of Salt‐Induced Indirect Products (Oxidative Biomarkers) in Crops 9.3 Effect of Salt Stress on Crop Plants 9.4 Consequences Effect of Oxidative Biomarkers in Crop Plants 9.5 Generation of Self‐defense Mitigating Strategy in Crop Plants 9.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective References

15 10 Effects of Salt Stress on Osmolyte Metabolism of Crop Plants and Mitigating Strategy by Osmolyte 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Groups and Biosynthetic Pathways of Osmolytes in Crop Plant 10.3 Effect of Salt Stress on Osmolyte Production and Work Action 10.4 The Osmotic and Ionic Adjustment Under Salt Stress Tolerance Mechanism 10.5 Conclusion References

16 11 Salt Stress Toxicity Amelioration by Phytohormones, Synthetic Product, and Nutrient Amendment Practices 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Structure and Mechanism of Action of Phytohormones Under Salt Stress 11.3 Structural, Physiological, and Biochemical Nature of Phytohormones Under Salt Stress 11.4 Salt Stress Toxicity Amelioration by Exogenous/Endogenous Phytohormones 11.5 Salt Toxicity Amelioration by Exogenous Synthetic Products 11.6 Salt Toxicity Amelioration by Exogenous Nutrient Amendment Practices 11.7 Future Prospective and Conclusion References

17 12 Crop Plants Develop Extracellular Signaling Products Against Salt Stress 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Site of Synthesis of Extracellular Signaling Products 12.3 Release of Extracellular Products by Cells of Cyanobacteria, Algae, and Crop Plants Under Salt Stress: Antioxidants, Enzymes, and Proteins 12.4 Release of Extracellular Products by Cells of Cyanobacteria Algae and Crop Plants Under Salt Stress: Amino Acids, Osmolytes, Nitrogen Nitric Oxide Ammonia 12.5 Release of Extracellular Products by Cells of Cyanobacteria and Crop Plants Under Salt Stress: Phenols, Terpenoid, Phytols, Sterols, Fatty Acids 12.6 Release of Extracellular Products by Cells of Cyanobacteria and Crop Plants Under Salt Stress: Photoprotective Compounds, Polysaccharides, Halogenated Compounds, and Phytohormone 12.7 Uncovering Potential and Applications of Extracellular Signaling Products in Biology, Agriculture, and Medicine Current Status and Future Prospects 12.8 Current Status and Future Prospective References

18 Index

19 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Soil salinity/sodicity scenario in worst‐affected partsof India.

2 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Pathways, mechanisms, and timescales of P limitation to primary p...Table 8.2 Pathways, mechanisms, and timescales of nitrogen limitation to pr...

3 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Different levels of salinity and their effects on crops.

4 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Structure and function of different phytohormones.

5 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Detailed information about the role of several metabolites induc...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Worst‐affected nations vs. salinity share. Figure 1.2 Salinity index and prediction for India since the Green Revolutio...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Schematic illustration shows comparison of ion homeostasis and ph...

3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Schematic diagram of salt ions regulation and their transport und...

4 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Negative effects of salt stress on plants (Above and under the so...Figure 6.2 Primary and secondary stress under salinity and tolerance strateg...

5 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Salinity stress induced major responses in plants.Figure 7.2 Relationship between rate of germination and time duration after ...Figure 7.3 Overview of the two‐phase growth response to salt stress for plan...Figure 7.4 Diagrammatic representation of the SPAC (soil, plant‐atmosphere c...Figure 7.5 Pictorial representation of Na +entering the cell via channels su...