Hubert Bancroft - The Native Races [of the Pacific states], Volume 5, Primitive History

Alvarado , in Ternaux-Compans , Voy. , série i., tom. x., p. 147; Id. , in Ramusio , Navigationi , tom. iii., fol. 300.

Ixtlilxochitl , in Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq. , vol. ix., p. 446.

Popol Vuh , pp. lxiv., cxii., cxxvi-viii.

Id. , p. clix.

The discovery of a town of similar name by Cortés, doubtingly reported by Veytia, Hist. Ant. Mej. , tom. i., p. 23, and others, seems to rest on no authority whatever.

The Nahuas state that they came from the north-west. Mendieta , Hist. Ecles. , p. 147; Torquemada , Monarq. Ind. , tom. i., p. 33. The tradition of the Toltecs will not allow us to fix either date, locality, or source of their migration, but the north is vaguely given as the source. Gallatin , in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact. , vol. i., p. 203. Huehue Tlapallan situated north-west of the Gila. Humboldt , Vues , tom. i., p. 204. Not in the Gila Valley. Smith's Human Species , p. 250. Tradition shows Huehue Tlapallan, miserable like all nations abandoned to luxury and power, unable to feed its children, casting them forth. Ramirez , in Revista Cientifica , tom. i., p. 21. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Popol Vuh , p. clix., speaks of Tlaxi Coliuhcan, mentioned by Ixtlilxochitl, as the old capital of the Quinames, or Palenque. He perhaps has no other reason for this than the resemblance of the names Coliuhcan and Colhuacan. He says, Hist. Nat. Civ. , tom. i., p. 100, that Huehue Tlapallan may be translated 'land of colors' or 'land of nobles.' Throughout his works he places this country in the south, identifying it with Xibalba. It is proved incontestably that the Toltecs came from Tulhá, whose ruins are seen near Ococingo. Id. , Cartas , p. 28. Cabrera, Teatro , p. 94, thinks Tlapalla must have been in the south-east.

Ixtlilxochitl , in Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq. , vol. ix., pp. 208-9, 217, 333, 335-7, 392-4, 450; Veytia , Hist. Ant. Mej. , tom. i., pp. 25, 139, 231, 301-2, tom. ii., pp. 3-7; Torquemada , Monarq. Ind. , tom. i., pp. 38-40. Brasseur, Hist. Nat. Civ. , tom. i., pp. 125-6, thinks that Chalcatzin and Tlacamitzin were the successors of Xhunahpa left by Xbalanque in command of the Nahuas, and that they were defeated and exiled by the monarch of Xibalba. For details and further references respecting the Chichimec migration see a future chapter. The Chichimec kings were: Chichimecatl, Mixcohuatl, Huitzilopochtli, Huemac, Nauhyotl, Quauhtepetla, Nonohualca, Huetzin, Quauhtonal, Masatzin, Quetzal, Icoatzin, Mozeloquitzin, Tlamacatzin – in one place Nequametl and Namocuix are named instead of Chichimecatl. Ixtlilxochitl , p. 394; Veytia , tom. i., p. 231; Carbajal Espinosa , Hist. Mex. , tom. i., pp. 225-6; Müller , Reisen , tom. iii., pp. 43-4.

Brasseur de Bourbourg , Hist. Nat. Civ. , tom. i., pp. 126, 179-80; Id. , Cartas , pp. 31-4; Id. , Popol Vuh , pp. clix-clxi. Brasseur gives a report of the ruins of a northern Tula in California, which of course is unfounded. He thinks the Opatas, Yaquis, Mayos, and Tarahumares are remnants of the old Toltec populations in this region. He does not attribute the ruins of the New Mexican and Arizona group to the Toltecs, at least not at this early period. Bradford also, Amer. Antiq. , p. 202, speaks of the first age as diffusing population from the centre through the north, to return in a reflux of numerous tribes in the second age.

Mendieta , Hist. Ecles. , pp. 145-6; Torquemada , Monarq. Ind. , tom. i., pp. 32-3; Gomara , Conq. Mex. , fol. 299-300; Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man , vol. ii., p. 514; Brasseur de Bourbourg , Popol Vuh , pp. xxix. – xxx.

Descrip. Chiapas , in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin , tom. iii., p. 344.

Chrón. Zacatecas , pp. 6-7.