Hubert Bancroft - The Native Races [of the Pacific states], Volume 5, Primitive History

'Una Historia de los Reynos de Culhuàcan, y Mexico , en lengua Nahuatl , y papel Europèo de Autor Anonymo, y tiene añadida una Breve Relacion de los Dioses, y Ritos de la Gentilidad en lengua Castellana, etc. Està todo copiado de letra de Don Fernando de Alba y le falta la primera foja.' Boturini , Catálogo , pp. 17-18. 'M. Aubin, qui possède les copies faites par Gama et Pichardo, ajoute au sujet de ce document: "Cette histoire, composée en 1563 et en 1579, par un écrivain de Quauhtitlan et non par Fernando de Alba (Ixtlilxochitl), comme l'a cru Pichardo, n'est guère moins précieuse que les précédentes (in Brasseur's list), et remonte, année par année, au moins jusqu'à l'an 751 de J. C. A la suite de ces annales se trouve l'histoire anonyme (l'Histoire des soleils), d'où Gama a extrait le texte mexicain de la tradition sur les soleils."' Brasseur de Bourbourg , Hist. Nat. Civ. , tom. i., p. lxxix.; Id. , Popol Vuh , p. xi.

Chichime or 'dogs,' a transformation which may not improbably have something to do with the origin of the name Chichimecs, a name applied to so many tribes in all parts of the country. The Codex Chimalpopoca , however, speaks also of a transformation into monkeys as a result of a great hurricane. Popol Vuh , p. lxxx.

Or, as Brasseur suggests, adopting the customs of the people in order to obtain the entrée of Tonacatepetl and the secret of their agriculture.

Molina, Vocabulario , translates the name, 'red ant.'

Codex Chimalpopoca , in Brasseur de Bourbourg , Hist. Nat. Civ. , tom. i., pp. 53-9, 70-1.

Id. , p. 117.

The Cuicatecs, Triquis, Chinantecs, Mazatecs, Chatinos, Papabucos, Soltecos, Chontales, and Cohuixcas, in the south-western regions, are regarded by Orozco y Berra as fragments of pre-Toltec nations. Geografía , pp. 121, 126. Prichard, Nat. Hist. Man , vol. ii., p. 512, adds the Coras, Tepanecs, and Tarascos. The Codices Vaticanus and Tellerianus, give the names of the tribes that migrated from the seven caves, as Olmecs, Xicalancas, Chichimecs, Nonohualcas, Michinacas, Couixcas, Totonacs, and Cuextecas. The Nonohualcas and Xicalancas, however, were probably the same, and we shall see later that Chichimecs was probably never a tribal name at all. Gallatin , in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact. , vol. i., p. 135.

Relaciones , in Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq. , vol. ix., p. 459. Papuhya, 'river of mud,' is a name also applied by the Quiché tradition to a river apparently in this region. See p. 178; Popol Vuh , pp. 140-1. Brasseur in the same work, pp. lxxii., lxxvii-viii., refers to Las Casas , Hist. Apol. , tom. iii., cap. cxxiii-iv., as relating the arrival of these nations under Quetzalcoatl and twenty chiefs at Point Xicalanco.

Veytia , Hist. Ant. Mej. , tom. i., p. 150.

See vol. iv., p. 434.

See vol. ii., p. 112.

Hist. Ecles. , p. 146; Monarq. Ind. , tom. i., p. 32.

Sahagun , Hist. Gen. , tom. i., lib. iii., p. 264, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 136: Camargo, Hist. Tlax. , in Nouvelles Annales des Voy. , 1843, tom. xcviii., pp. 135-7, is the only author who differs materially in his account of the arrival and establishment of the Olmecs and Xicalancas. He states that in company with the Zacatecs they came from the Seven Caves, passed through Mexico, Tochimilco, Atlixco, Calpan, and Huexotzinco, founding their chief settlement in Tlascala where the village of Natividad now stands. See vol. iv., pp. 478-9, for notice of ruins. Gomara, Conq. Mex. , fol. 299-300, also brings these nations from the Seven Caves.

Concerning the giants, see Ixtlilxochitl , in Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq. , vol. ix., pp. 205-6, 392, 459; Veytia , Hist. Ant. Mej. , tom. i., pp. 143-54; Duran , Hist. Indias , MS., tom. i., cap. ii. This author represents the Quinames as having been killed while eating and drinking, by the Tlascaltecs who had taken possession of their arms. He says they yielded after a desperate resistance. Torquemada , Monarq. Ind. , tom. i., pp. 34-6; Boturini , Idea , pp. 130-5; Arlegui , Chrón. Zacatecas , p. 6; Oviedo , Hist. Gen. , tom. iii., pp. 539-41; Clavigero , Storia Ant. del Messico , tom. i., p. 125; Brasseur de Bourbourg , Hist. Nat. Civ. , tom. i., pp. 66, 153-4; Id. , Popol Vuh , pp. lxviii., cxxvii.; Id. , Esquisses , p. 12; Granados y Galvez , Tardes Amer. , pp. 15, 21; Rios , Compend. Hist. Mex. , p. 5; Piñeda , in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin , tom. iii., p. 346; Pimentel , in Dicc. Univ. , tom. x., p. 610.

On building of Cholula pyramid, see Codex Mexicano , in Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq. , vol. v., p. 172; Ixtlilxochitl , in Id. , vol. ix., pp. 206, 459; Gondra , in Prescott , Hist. Conq. Mex. , tom. iii., pp. 45, 69; Veytia , Hist. Ant. Mej. , tom. i., pp. 15, 18, 153; Boturini , Idea , pp. 113-14; Humboldt , Mélanges , p. 553; Id. , Vues , tom. i., p. 114; Popol Vuh , p. cxxv.; Brasseur de Bourbourg , Hist. Nat. Civ. , tom. i., pp. 153, 301-3; Orozco y Berra , Geografía , p. 132; Gallatin , in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact. , vol. i., p. 167.

Cortés , Cartas , p. 86. Quetzalcoatl however is not named.

Respecting Quetzalcoatl in his mythological aspects as a divinity, see vol. iii., pp. 248-87. The story of his visit to the Olmecs is told in Ixtlilxochitl , in Kingsborough , vol. ix., pp. 206, 459; Veytia , Hist. Ant. Mej. , tom. i., pp. 155-6, 161-204.

Boturini , Idea , p. 135; Clavigero , Storia Ant. del Messico , tom. iv., p. 52, tom. i., p. 147. Between Chiapas and Zacatecas is a vast space, of which the only notion given us by history is the fact that the Olmecs, Xicalancas, and Zapotecs lived in the region of Puebla and Tlascala. They were the primitive peoples, that is, the first known. Orozco y Berra , Geografía , pp. 124-5. The Xicalancas founded Atlixco and Itzucan, but migrated to South America. The Olmecs who had been driven to the gulf coasts followed them. Carbajal Espinosa , Hist. Mex. , tom. i., p. 242. The Xicalancas possessed the country before the Chichimecs, by whom they were regarded as enemies. Ixtlilxochitl , in Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq. , vol. ix., p. 461. Mexicans, Culhuas, Tepanecs, Olmecs, Xicalancas, Tarascos, and Chichimecs were all of the same race and language. Camargo , Hist. Tlax. , in Nouvelles Annales des Voy. , 1843, tom. xcviii., pp. 131, 135, 188. See also Brasseur de Bourbourg , Hist. Nat. Civ. , tom. i., pp. 67, 196, tom. iii., p. 9; Bradford's Amer. Antiq. , pp. 200, 213; Hellwald , in Smithsonian Rept. , 1866, p. 337; Müller , Reisen , tom. iii., pp. 33-4.