Jared Cohen - The New Digital Age

“lethal kinetics”—operations involving fire—“will be handed over to bots”: Harry Wingo, in discussion with the authors, April 2012.

SWORDS robots: Singer, Wired for War, 29–32; Noah Shachtman, “First Armed Robots on Patrol in Iraq (Updated),” Danger Room (blog), Wired, August 2, 2007, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2007/08/httpwwwnational/.

combat units in the future: Navy SEAL in discussion with the authors, February 2012.

“It’s a big strategic question for them”: Peter Warren Singer in discussion with the authors, April 2012.

Joint Tactical Radio System: Bob Brewin, “Pentagon Shutters Joint Tactical Radio System Program Office,” Nextgov, August 1, 2012, http://www.nextgov.com/mobile/2012/08/pentagon-shutters-joint-tactical-radio-system-program-office/57173/; Matthew Potter, Defense Procurement News, “Joint Program Executive Office Joint Tactical Radio System (JPEO JTRS) Stands Down and Joint Tactical Networking Center (JTNC) Opens,” press release, October 1, 2012, http://www.defenseprocurementnews.com/2012/10/01/joint-program-executive-office-joint-tactical-radio-system-jpeo-jtrs-stands-down-and-joint-tactical-networking-center-jtnc-opens-press-release/.

“They just can’t afford that kind of process anymore”: Peter Warren Singer in discussion with the authors, April 2012.

“The military was, in some ways”: Ibid.

Even Venezuela has joined the club: Brian Ellsworth, “Venezuela Says Building Drones with Iran’s Help,” Reuters, June 14, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/14/us-venezuela-iran-drone-idUSBRE85D14N20120614.

“Of course we’re doing it”: Robert Beckhusen, “Iranian Missile Engineer Oversees Chavez’s Drones,” Danger Room (blog), Wired, June 18, 2012, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2012/06/mystery-cargo/.

“Most advances in technology, particularly big ones, tend to make people nervous”: Regina Dugan, in discussion with the authors, July 2012.

“non-state actors that range”: Peter Warren Singer in discussion with the authors, April 2012.

unmanned drones, available to rent for surveillance: Singer, Wired for War, 265.

In 2009, it was contracted to load bombs: James Risen and Mark Mazzetti, “C.I.A. Said to Use Outsiders to Put Bombs on Drones,” New York Times, August 20, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/us/21intel.html.

For example, some real-estate firms are now using private drones: Somini Sengupta, “Who Is Flying Drones over America?,” Bits (blog), New York Times, July 14, 2012, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/14/who-is-flying-drones-over-america/.

Kansas State University has established a degree: Jefferson Morley, “Drones Invade Campus,” Salon, May 1, 2012, http://www.salon.com/2012/05/01/drones_on_campus/.

“battle of persuasion”: Peter Warren Singer, quoted by Noah Shachtman, “Insurgents Intercept Drone Video in King-Size Security,” Danger Room (blog), Wired, December 17, 2009, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2009/12/insurgents-intercept-drone-video-in-king-sized-security-breach/.

RQ-170 Sentinel: Scott Peterson, “Downed U.S. Drone: How Iran Caught the ‘Beast,’ ” Christian Science Monitor, December 9, 2011, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/1209/Downed-US-drone-How-Iran-caught-the-beast.

“land on its own where we wanted it to”: Scott Peterson and Payam Faramarzi, “Exclusive: Iran Hijacked U.S. Drone, Says Iranian Engineer,” Christian Science Monitor, December 15, 2011, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/1215/Exclusive-Iran-hijacked-US-drone-says-Iranian-engineer-Video.

known as spoofing: Adam Rawnsley, “Iran’s Alleged Drone Hack: Tough, but Possible,” Danger Room (blog), Wired, December 16, 2011, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/12/iran-drone-hack-gps/.

$6 million: Dan Murphy, “Obama Taking Heat for Asking for U.S. Drone Back? Pay Little Heed,” Christian Science Monitor, December 15, 2011, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Backchannels/2011/1215/Obama-taking-heat-for-asking-for-US-drone-back-Pay-little-heed.

leaks resulted in detailed articles: Daniel Klaidman, “Drones: How Obama Learned to Kill,” May 28, 2012, Newsweek and Daily Beast, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/05/27/drones-the-silent-killers.html; Jo Becker and Scott Shane, “Secret ‘Kill List’ Proves a Test of Obama’s Principles and Will,” New York Times, May 29, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html; David E. Sanger, “Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran,” New York Times, June 1, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html; Charlie Savage, “Holder Directs U.S. Attorneys to Track Down Paths of Leaks,” New York Times, June 8, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/09/us/politics/holder-directs-us-attorneys-to-investigate-leaks.html?pagewanted=all.

the Bosnian campaign of the 1990s: Siobhan Gorman, Yochi J. Dreazen and August Cole, “Insurgents Hack U.S. Drones,” Wall Street Journal, December 17, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB126102247889095011.html.

U.S. military troops first discovered laptops: Ibid.

As Peter Singer pointed out, during World War I, when the tank first appeared: Peter Warren Singer in discussion with the authors, April 2012.

targeted Soviet tanks: Abdul Rahim Wardak in discussion with the authors, June 2012.

“The ground robots our soldiers use”: Peter Warren Singer in discussion with the authors, April 2012.

Faced with this decision: Ibid.

Responsibility to Protect (RtoP): Jayshree Bajoria, “Libya and the Responsibility to Protect,” Counsel on Foreign Relations, analysis brief, March 24, 2011, http://www.cfr.org/libya/libya-responsibility-protect/p24480.

a brave American soul called Fred: Libyan ministers in discussion with the authors, June 2012.

Bangladesh is among the most frequent contributors of troops: “Ranking of Military and Police Contributions to U.N. Operations,” United Nations Peacekeeping, Resources, August 31, 2012, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2012/august12_2.pdf.

CHAPTER 7

THE FUTURE OF RECONSTRUCTION

a small GSM … network limited to government officials: “Apple’s iPhone and Afghanistan’s Taliban,” Cellular-News (London), February 13, 2009, http://www.cellular-news.com/story/36027.php.

Saddam Hussein banned mobile phones entirely: W. David Gardner, “For Sale: Iraq’s Cell-Phone Franchises,” InformationWeek, July 27, 2005, http://www.informationweek.com/news/166403218.

combatants in the ensuing conflicts were the only ones: Author discussions with members of the Libyan ministry of communications and informatics, June 2012.

MTC-Vodafone, a regional telecom company: “Post-War Telecommunications Devel-opments in Iraq,” Office of Technology and Electronic Commerce, Research by Country/Region, accessed October 18, 2012, http://web.ita.doc.gov/ITI/itiHome.nsf/6502bd9adeb499b285256cdb00685f77/e781b255ae7a4f9a85256d9c0068abd9?OpenDocument.

MCI, got the nod in Baghdad: Ibid.

towers were put up all over the country: Senior CPA (Coalition Provisional Authority) official in discussion with the authors, January 2011.

the sector was booming: Iraq—Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Forecasts: Executive Summary, BuddeComm, accessed October 18, 2012, http://www.budde.com.au/Research/Iraq-Telecoms-Mobile-Broadband-and-Forecasts.html.