Chalmers Johnson - The Sorrows of Empire - Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic

7. Zoltan Grossman, comp., “A Century of U.S. Military Interventions,” .

8. David B. Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 86.

9. John M. Collins, “Military Bases,” Military Geography for Professionals and the Public (Washington: U.S. National Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, March 1998), ; and Kenneth Hunt, NATO without France: The Military Implications, Adelphi Paper no. 32 (London: Institute for Strategic Studies, December 1966).

10. Keith B. Cunningham and Andreas Klemmer, Restructuring the U.S. Military Bases in Germany: Scope, Impacts, and Opportunities. Report 4 (Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 1995), p. 6.

11. Ibid., p. 10.

12. Ibid., p. 14.

13. Michael Goldfarb, “Origins of Pax Americana,” . Also see Mark Landler, “Germans Near Bases Don’t Hate U.S., Just the Noise,” New York Times, February 17, 2003.

14. Evinger, Directory of U.S. Military Bases Worldwide, p. 255.

15. See Ken Silverstein, “Police Academy in the Alps: The Tax-Supported Marshall Center Offers More Fun and Games Than War Games,” Nation, October 7, 2002, pp. 17–22; Rick Emert, “Army Cranking Out New Facilities,” Stars & Stripes, December 14, 2002; David Rennie, “Pentagon Plans NATO Blitz on Germany by Pulling Out,” Sydney Morning Herald, February 12, 2003.

16. Cunningham and Klemmer, Restructuring the U.S. Military Bases, p. 23.

17. Kozy K. Amemiya, “The Bolivian Connection: U.S. Bases and Okinawan Emigration,” in Chalmers Johnson, ed., Okinawa: Cold War Island (Cardiff, Calif.: Japan Policy Research Institute, 1999), pp. 53–69.

18. See, in particular, Ichiro Tomiyama, “The ‘Japanese’ of Micronesia,” in Ronald Y. Nakasone, ed., Okinawan Diaspora (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002), pp. 64–68 et passim; Koji Taira, “Okinawa’s Choice: Independence or Subordination,” in Johnson, ed., Okinawa: Cold War Island, pp. 171–85; and Steve Rabson, introduction to Okinawa: Two Postwar Novellas By Oshiro Tatsuhiro and Higashi Mineo (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1989), pp. 1–30.

19. See Kensei Yoshida, Democracy Betrayed: Okinawa under U.S. Occupation (Bellingham: Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University, 2001), p. 17.

20. Ibid., p. 54.

21. Morton Mintz, “U.S. Stationed A-Bomb Ship 200 Yards off Japans Coast,” Washington Post, May 22, 1981; Edwin O. Reischauer, “Japan: The Meaning of the Flap,” Washington Post, June 5, 1981; and Hans M. Kristensen, Japan under the U.S. Nuclear Umbrella (Berkeley: Nautilus Institute, July 1999).

22. Chii Kyotei Kenkyukai (Status of Forces Agreement Research Association), Nichi-Bei chii kyotei chikujo hihan (Point-by-point criticism of the Japanese-American status of forces agreement) (Tokyo: Shin Nihon Shuppansha, 1997), pp. 253–56. In Japanese.

23. See, e.g., Takis Michas, “America the Despised,” National Interest, Spring 2002, pp. 94–102; Anthee Carassava, “Anti-Americanism in Greece Is Reinvigorated by War,” New York Times, April 7, 2003; and John Brady Kiesling, “Diplomatic Breakdown,” Boston Globe, April 27, 2003.

24. Quoted by Jim Huck, “1947–1970s, Greece: Helping Fascists in Civil War & Coup,” .

25. Quoted by William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions since World War II (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 216.

26. Seymour M. Hersh, Kissinger: The Price of Power (1983); quoted in Blum, Killing Hope, p. 220.

27. Helena Smith, “The CIA Claims to Have Changed,” Guardian, August 28, 2001; “A U.S. History of Greece Is Kept Secret,” Kathimerini (English ed.), Athens, July 30, 2001.

28. Thomas Patrick Carroll, “Last Tango in Nicosia,” Middle East Intelligence Bulletin 3:12 (December 2001).

29. William J. Pomeroy, “The Philippines: A Case History of Neocolonialism,” in Mark Selden, ed., Remaking Asia: Essays on the American Uses of Power (New York: Pantheon, 1974), p. 162.

30. Alva M. Bowen Jr., “The Historical Setting: 1947–1975,” in John W. McDonald Jr. and Diane B. Bendahmane, eds., U.S. Bases Overseas: Negotiations with Spain, Greece, and the Philippines (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990), p. 74.

31. See Bryan Johnson, The Four Days of Courage: The Untold Story of the People Who Brought Marcos Down (New York: Free Press, 1987).

32. Roland G. Simbulan, “How ‘The Battle of the Bases’ Was Won,” .

33. Michael Satchell, “Toxic Legacy: What the Military Left Behind,” U.S. News & World Report, January 24, 2000, pp. 30–31; and Benjamin Pimentel, “Deadly Legacy: Leftover Bombs, Chemicals Wreak Havoc at Former U.S. Bases in Philippines,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 5, 2001.

34. Dan Murphy, “Long-Term U.S. Strategy Emerges out of Philippines,” Christian Science Monitor, July 3, 2002; Michael Satchell, “Back to the Philippines: Eight Years after Base Closings, the U.S. Is Rebuilding a Military Relationship,” U.S. News & World Report, January 24, 2000, pp. 30–31; Doug Bandow, “Instability in the Philippines: A Case Study for U.S. Disengagement,” CATO Institute Foreign Policy Briefing, no. 64, March 21, 2001; Oliver Teves, “Philippine Base Ready for U.S.-Led Training,” Associated Press, San Diego Union-Tribune, January 20, 2002; Luis H. Francia, “U.S. Troops in the Philippines,” Village Voice, February 20–26, 2002; Jane Perlez, “U.S. Troops Likely to Remain in Philippines Longer Than Planned,” New York Times Service, San Diego Union-Tribune, March 31, 2002; and Tyler Marshall and John Hendren, “U.S. to Leave Philippines Despite Hostage Situation,” Los Angeles Times, May 27, 2002.

35. Kari Huus, “In Philippines, G.I. Joe Is Back,” MSNBC, August 2, 2002, ; BBC News, “U.S. Unwelcome in Southern Philippines,” March 17, 2003; Karen DeYoung, “Powell Says U.S. to Resume Training Indonesia’s Forces,” Washington Post, August 3, 2002.

36. Eric Schmitt, “U.S. to Send Nearly 2,000 Troops to Fight Militants in Philippines,” New York Times, February 20, 2003; and Jim Gomez (Associated Press), “Philippines Says U.S. Troops Not Welcome in Combat Patrols,” San Diego Union-Tribune, April 22, 2003.

37. William Greider, Fortress America: The American Military and the Consequences of Peace (New York: Public Affairs, 1998), p. 101.

38. Haroon Siddiqui, “Real American Agenda Now Becoming Clear,” Toronto Star, May 4, 2003. Also see Peter Grier, “A Reluctant Empire Stretches More,” Christian Science Monitor, January 17, 2002; Thom Shanker and Eric Schmitt, “Pentagon Expects Long-Term Access to Four Key Bases in Iraq,” New York Times, April 20, 2003; Michael R. Gordon and Eric Schmitt, “U.S. Will Move Air Operations to Qatar Base,” New York Times, April 28, 2003; Eric Schmitt, “U.S. to Withdraw All Combat Units from Saudi Arabia,” New York Times, April 30, 2003; Esther Schrader, “U.S. Expedites Reshuffling of Europe Troops,” Los Angeles Times, May 1, 2003; Seth Stern, “New Map for U.S. Outposts,” Christian Science Monitor, May 1, 2003.

8: IRAQ WARS

1. See Anthony Cave Brown, Oil, God, and Gold: The Story of Aramco and the Saudi Kings (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999).

2. On the origins of American oil diplomacy in the Middle East, see Douglas Little, “Opening the Door: Business, Diplomacy, and America’s Stake in Middle East Oil,” in American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), pp. 43–75.