Chalmers Johnson - The Sorrows of Empire - Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic

2. U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad, Committee on Foreign Relations, December 21,1970; quoted in Monthly Review 53:10 (March 2002).

3. Office of the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense (Installations and Environment), Base Structure Report (A Summary of DoD’s Real Property Inventory) (Washington: Department of Defense, 2002); and U.S. Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information, Operations, and Reports, Worldwide Manpower Distribution by Geographical Area, September 30, 2001, . The best unofficial sources on the American empire of bases are William R. Evinger, ed., Directory of U.S. Military Bases Worldwide, 3rd ed. (Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1998); and the database of the Global Security Organization, .

4. Charles Glass, “Diary,” London Review of Books, February 21, 2002, p. 37.

5. William M. Arkin, “The Underground Military; Israel: Capital of Classified Bases,” Washington Post, May 7, 2001. Also see Agence France-Presse, “U.S. May Use Israeli Army Bases against Iraq,” September 9, 2002.

6. Michael Moran, “G. I. Joe as Big Brother,” MSNBC, April 6, 2001, .

7. Statement for the Record of Lt. Gen. Michael V. Hayden, USAF, Director, National Security Agency, and Chief, Central Security Service, before the Joint Inquiry of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, October 17, 2002. On Intelsat, see Renae Merle, “U.S. Probes Military Use of Commercial Satellites,” Washington Post, December 6, 2002.

8. The main sources are Patrick S. Poole, Echelon: America’s Secret Global Surveillance Network, ;Duncan Campbell, Development of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information, Working Document for the Scientific and Technical Options Assessment (STOA) Program of the European Parliament (Luxemburg: European Parliament, October 1999); Niall McKay, “Lawmakers Raise Questions about International Spy Network,” New York Times, May 27,1999; Associated Press, “U.S.-Led Spy Net in Japan,” Washington Post, June 27, 2001; Duncan Campbell, Richard Norton-Taylor, David Pallister, and Jamie Wilson, “The Lessons for the U.S.: Money Can’t Buy Safety from Terrorism,” Guardian, September 15, 2001; Tatsushi Doi, “In-depth Study of Echelon,” Sankei Shimbun (Tokyo), May 16, 2001; Doi, “Intelligence Activities in Taiwan,” Sankei Shimbun, May 30, 2001; Hiroaki Horiuchi, “Echelon Has Been Intercepting Japanese Diplomatic Telegrams since 1981,” Mainichi Shimbun (Tokyo), June 27, 2001; and “Echelon,” Tokyo Shimbun, August 26, 2001. (The last four articles are in Japanese.)

9. Joseph Gerson and Bruce Birchard, eds., The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases (Boston: South End Press, 1991), p. 16; Public Radio News Services, Melbourne, Australia, Transcript, “The CIA in Australia, Part 3,” October-November 1986, ; and Andrew Clark, “Kerr Briefed on CIA Threat to Whitlam,” Sunday Age, October 15, 2000, .

10. “Spy Agency Taps into Undersea Cable,” Wall Street Journal Online, May 22, 2001. The USS Jimmy Carter is scheduled to go into service tapping underseas optical fiber cables in 2004.

11. Campbell, Development of Surveillance Technology, pp. 48–50; Evinger, Directory of U.S. Military Bases Worldwide; and Vernon Loeb, “Espionage Demands Prod Navy on Sub Construction,” Washington Post, July 5, 2002.

12. Mark Thomas, “If the French Had Asked for Military Bases in Britain, We’d Be Torching Citroens and Picketing Patisseries,” New Statesman, April 9, 2001; and Diana Johnstone and Ben Cramer, “The Burdens and the Glory: U.S. Bases in Europe,” in Gerson and Birchard, The Sun Never Sets, p. 210.

13. Gerson and Birchard, eds., The Sun Never Sets, p. 16. In January 2003, the British defense secretary made the decision, without a vote of Parliament, to allow the United States to upgrade and use its secret base at Fylingdales in northern Yorkshire as part of its proposed missile defense network (Associated Press, New York Times, January 16, 2003).

14. Evinger, Directory of US. Military Bases Worldwide, p. 291.

15. Richard Norton-Taylor, “Embarrassed U.S. Blocks Case against Peace Fighter,” Guardian, June 29, 2002.

16. Poole, Echelon, p. 13; Interview with James Bamford, author of Body of Secrets, in WorldNetDaily, June 24, 2001, ; and CBS News, 60 Minutes, “Ex-Snoop Confirms Echelon Network,” New York, February 27, 2000 (transcript posted March 1, 2000).

17. See Yorkshire Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, “Menwith Hill, Commercial Espionage,” . Also see Jeffrey Richelson, “Desperately Seeking Signals,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 56:2 (March-April 2000), pp. 47–51; American Civil Liberties Union’s special Web site ; Stuart Miller, Richard Norton-Taylor, and Ian Black, “Worldwide Spying Network Is Revealed,” Guardian, May 26, 2001; Rupert Goodwins, “Echelon: How It Works,” ZDNet UK, ; and ZDNet’s “Echelon Bibliography,” .

18. For the simplest explanation of one-time pads, see Francis Litterio, “Why Are One-Time Pads Perfectly Secure?” .

19. 60 Minutes, “Ex-Snoop Confirms Echelon Network.”

20. Derrick Z. Jackson, “A Nation Changed—and Unchanged,” Boston Globe, September 11, 2002; Dara Colwell, “The SUV-Terrorism Connection,” AlterNet.org, October 15, 2001; Terry Golway, “Time to Junk Gas-Guzzling SUV’s,” New York Observer, November 12, 2001, p. 5; Ian Roberts, “Car Wars,” Guardian, January 18, 2003; Jeff Plungis, “SUV Tax Break May Reach $75,000,” Detroit News, January 20, 2003; and Keith Bradsher, High and Mighty: SUV’s—The World’s Most Dangerous Vehicles and How They Got That Way (New York: Public Affairs, 2002).

21. Federation of American Scientists, “Smedley Butler on Interventionism,” ; and Hans Schmidt, Maverick Marine: Gen. Smedley D. Butler and the Contradictions of American Military History (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987), p. 2 et passim.

22. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Caspian Sea Region: Reserves and Pipelines Tables, June 2002. Also see Dale Allen Pfeiffer, “The Forging of ‘Pipelineistan’: Oil, Gas Pipelines High Priority for U.S. in Central Asian Military Campaigns,” From theWilderness.com, July 11, 2002.

23. Michael T. Klare, “Oil Moves the War Machine,” Progressive, June 2002; and Klare, “Oiling the Wheels of War,” Nation, October 7, 2002, pp. 6–7. For other estimates of Caspian Sea oil and gas reserves, see Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 144–45; Stephen Kinzer, “A Perilous New Contest for the Next Oil Prize,” New York Times, September 21,1997; and “Russia Appears to Be Leading in Caspian Sea Resources Export Race,” Alexander’s Gas & Oil Connections 6:18 (September 25, 2001).

24. “How Oil Interests Play Out in U.S. Bombing of Afghanistan,” Drillbits & Tailings 6:8 (October 31, 2001); Pratap Chatterjee, “Afghan Pipe Dream: Is the U.S. War on Terrorism Really a War for a Caspian Natural Gas Pipeline? Maybe Yes, and Maybe No,” Corp Watch June 28, 2002.

25. The Editors, “U.S. Military Bases and Empire,” Monthly Review 53:10 (March 2002), quoting the U.S. State Department from the New York Times, December 15, 2001.