Chalmers Johnson - The Sorrows of Empire - Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic

14. De Rivero, Myth of Development, pp. 3, 9, 24.

15. Quoted in Ha-Joon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (London: Anthem Press, 2002). Chang is a professor of economics at Cambridge University.

16. On how Japan became the world’s second most productive economy, see Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982); Linda Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); and Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999).

17. De Rivero, Myth of Development, p. 109; Ted C. Fishman, “Making a Killing: The Myth of Capital’s Good Intentions,” Harper’s, August 2002, p. 34.

18. Thomas Ferguson, “Blowing Smoke: Impeachment, the Clinton Presidency, and the Political Economy,” in William J. Crotty, ed., The State of Democracy in America (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2001), p. 233. On the workings of the IMF and the World Bank, see William Finnegan, “The Economics of Empire: Notes on the Washington Consensus,” Harper’s, May 2003, pp. 41–54.

19. Nicholas Guyatt, Another American Century? The United States and the World after 2000 (London: Zed Books, 2000), p. 8.

20. Bello, Future in the Balance, p. 49.

21. John Madeley, Hungry for Trade: How the Poor Pay for Free Trade (London: Zed Books, 2000), p. 58; Guyatt, Another American Century?, pp. 12, 37.

22. Lawrence Summers, “The Memo,” . Also see Jonathan R. Pincus and Jeffrey A. Winters, eds., Reinventing the World Bank (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), pp. 13–14.

23. Jeffrey E. Garten, “The Root of the Problem,” Newsweek, March 31, 1997. Quoted by Guyatt, Another American Century?, p. 185. Also see Garten, “Business and Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs 76:5 (1997), pp. 67–79.

24. Bello, Future in the Balance, p. 52.

25. Ibid., p. 51.

26. Ibid., p. xiv.

27. Ibid., pp. 45,69; Steve Schifferes, “Doha Trade Deal Unraveling,” BBC News, November 10, 2002.

28. Stiglitz, “Fair Deal for the World,” p. 28.

29. See “WTO Pact on Generic Drugs Blocked by U.S.,” Financial Times, December 21–22, 2002; and Nicola Bullard, “Is the WTO Collapsing under Its Own Ambitions?” Focus on Trade, no. 82 (December 2002). For the WTO agreement weakening patent protection on drugs, see World Trade Organization, Doha, Qatar, WTO Ministerial, 2001, “Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health,” November 14, 2001.

30. Andrew Pollack, “Widely Used Crop Herbicide Is Losing Weed Resistance,” New York Times, January 14, 2003.

31. Madeley, Hungry for Trade, pp. 100–03.

32. The most comprehensive treatment of these complex issues is Edith Terry, How Asia Got Rich (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2002).

33. Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1999), pp. 112–13.

34. Fishman, “Making a Killing,” p. 41, n. 10; David Hale, “Will Argentina Recover without the IMF?” Zurich Financial Services, December 20, 2002. Hale is chief economist for Zurich Financial Services.

35. De Rivero, Myth of Development, p. 17.

36. Robert Naiman (Center for Economic and Policy Research), “Secrecy at the IFIs [international financial institutions],” Progressive Response 5:38 (November 13, 2001); and Bello, Future in the Balance, pp. 28–29.

37. Focus on Trade, January 2002; and James Harding, “Globalizations Children Strike Back,” Financial Times, September 11, 2001.

38. Robert B. Zoellick, “American Trade Leadership: What Is at Stake?” Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC, September 24, 2001.

39. Thomas Friedman, “Senseless in Seattle,” New York Times, December 1,1999; and Peter Wahl, “European Social Forum,” Focus on Trade, no. 83 (December 2002).

40. See J. Bradford DeLong, “The Meltzer Report,” ; Christian Weller, “Meltzer Report Misses the Mark: Commission’s Recommendations for World Bank, IMF Need Further Consideration,” Economic Policy Institute, Issue Brief 141, April 13, 2000 ; and Bello, Future in the Balance, pp. xiv, 60.

41. Shihoko Goto, “Argentina’s Menem Says Woes Not His Fault,” Washington Times, June 12, 2002.

42. See the important analysis of John Feffer, “Militarization in the Age of Globalization,” Foreign Policy in Focus, November 6, 2001. Also see William Pfaff, “Bush Team’s Military Focus Is Skewing U.S. Foreign Policy,” International Herald Tribune, June 30, 2001.

43. David Lague, “Gripes over U.S. Grip on Arms Trade,” Far Eastern Economic Review, September 26, 2002; Kim Kwang-tae, “U.S. to Ditch Korea’s Weapons Integration if It Buys Non-U.S. Aircraft in F-X Plan,” Korea Times, July 22, 2001; Hwang Jang-jin, “Boeing F-15K, with GE Engine, Wins Deal Worth $4.46 Billion,” Korea Now, May 4, 2002, p. 24.

44. Larry Rohter, “Jet Purchase Splits Brazil: New Leader Wants Voice,” New York Times, November 29, 2002.

45. Larry Rohter, “Brazil: U.S. Offers Missiles,” New York Times, May 24, 2002; Raymond Colitt, “Lula to Use Defense Funds in Famine Fight,” Financial Times, January 4–5, 2003.

46. Michelle Ciarrocca, “Post 9/11 Economic Windfalls for Arms Manufacturers,” Foreign Policy in Focus 7:10 (September 2002).

47. Gwyn Kirk and Margo Okazawa-Rey, “Neoliberalism, Militarism, and Armed Conflict,” Social Justice 27:4 (Winter 2000), p. 9; Charles M. Sennott, “Arms Deal Criticized as Corporate U.S. Welfare,” Boston Globe, January 14, 2003.

48. Karen Talbot, “The Real Reasons for War in Yugoslavia: Backing Up Globalization with Military Might,” Social Justice 27:? (Winter 2000), p. 100.

49. William Greider, “The End of Empire,” Nation, September 23, 2002.

10: THE SORROWS OF EMPIRE

1. Madeleine Bunting, “Beginning of the End: The U.S. Is Ignoring an Important Lesson from History—That an Empire Cannot Survive on Brute Force Alone,” Guardian, February 3, 2003.

2. “Bush’s United States Military Academy Graduation Speech,” Washington Post, June 2, 2002; and “Full Text: Bush’s National Security Strategy,” New York Times, September 20, 2002.

3. Ewen MacAskill, “Up to 50 States Are on Blacklist, Says Cheney,” Guardian, November 17, 2001; James Doran, “Terror War Must Target 60 Nations, Says Bush,” Times (London), June 3, 2002.

4. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., “Good Foreign Policy a Casualty of War,” Los Angeles Times, March 23, 2003.

5. Cf. William Pfaff, “Al Qaeda vs. the White House,” International Herald Tribune, December 28, 2002; Pfaff, “Religiosity and Foreign Policy: When Power Disdains Realism,” International Herald Tribune, February 3, 2003; Anatol Lieven, “The Push for War,” London Review of Books, October 3, 2002; and Jack Beatty, “In the Name of God,” Atlantic Monthly, March 5, 2003.

6. Stanley Hoffmann, “The High and the Mighty,” American Prospect 13:24 (January 13, 2003).

7. Immanuel Wallerstein, “The Righteous War,” Commentary no. 107, University of Binghamton, February 15, 2003.

8. Letter of John Brady Kiesling, New York Times, February 27, 2003.

9. Tom Barry, “The U.S. Power Complex: What’s New?” Foreign Policy in Focus, Special Report, November 2002, η. 11.