Chalmers Johnson - The Sorrows of Empire - Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic

22. James Harding, Richard Wolffe, and James Blitz, “U.S. Will Rebuild Iraq as Democracy, Says Rice,” Financial Times, September 22, 2002.

23. Anthony Sampson, “West’s Greed for Oil Fuels Saddam Fever,” Observer, August 11, 2002. On the younger Bush’s dubious past as a member of the board of Harken Energy Corporation of Houston, see “Bush Was Told of Risks before Stock Sale: Harken Memo Went to SEC after Probe,” Boston Globe, October 30, 2002; and Michael Lind, Made in Texas (New York: Basic Books, 2003), pp. 102–3. For a summary of American oil machinations in the Persian Gulf over the past fifty years, see Robert Dreyfuss, “The Thirty-Year Itch,” Mother Jones, March 1, 2003.

24. Ed Vulliamy, “Troops ‘Vandalize’ Ancient City of Ur,” Observer, May 18, 2003.

25. Julian Borger, “Anger at Peace Talks ‘Meddling,’” Guardian, July 13, 2000; Brian Whitaker, “U.S. Thinktanks Give Lessons in Foreign Policy,” Guardian, August 19, 2002; Jill Junnola, “Perspective: Who Funds Whom?” Energy Compass, October 4, 2002; Eric Margolis, “After Iraq, Bush Will Attack His Real Target,” Toronto Sun, November 10, 2002; Margolis, “Bush’s Mideast Plan: Conquer and Divide,” Toronto Sun, December 8, 2002; Sandy Tolan, “Beyond Regime Change,” Los Angeles Times, December 1, 2002; Jim Lobe, “Neoconservatives Consolidate Control over U.S. Mideast Policy,” Foreign Policy in Focus, December 6, 2002; Bill Christison and Kathleen Christison, “Too Many Smoking Guns to Ignore: Israel, American Jews, and the War on Iraq,” CounterPunch, January 25, 2003; and Michael Lind, “The Weird Men behind George W. Bush’s War,” New Statesman, April 7, 2003, .

26. Dan Plesch, “Weapons of Mass Distraction,” Observer, September 29, 2002; and Brian J. Foley, “War Cries: Weapons of Mass Distraction,” CounterPunch, November 8, 2002.

27. On presidential decision making during the Vietnam War, see Daniel Ellsberg, Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers (New York: Viking, 2002). On Ellsberg’s analysis, see Chalmers Johnson, “The Addiction to Secrecy,” London Review of Books, February 6, 2003. On Karl Rove, see James C. Moore and Wayne Slater, Bush’s Brain: How Karl Rove Made Bush Presidential (New York: Wiley, 2003).

28. Jay Bookman, “The President’s Real Goal in Iraq,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, September 29, 2002.

29. Carol Morello, “Saudi Officials Shield U.S. Troop Presence from Public,” Washington Post, March 22, 2003; and Robin Allen, “Gulf States Keep Lid on Extent of Defense Ties,” Financial Times, February 18, 2003.

30. Global Security Organization, “Eskan Village,” . The Global Security Organization’s collection of reports on CENTCOM bases is an invaluable source.

31. Catherine Taylor, “U.S. Air Base Ready for War after Millions in Upgrades,” Christian Science Monitor, December 31, 2002. Also see Vernon Loeb and Dana Priest, “Saudis Balk at U.S. Use of Key Facility,” Washington Post, September 22, 2001; Julian Borger, “U.S. Paves Way for War on Iraq; Attack Base to Be Moved into Qatar to Bypass Saudi Objections,” Guardian, March 27, 2002; Kim Sengupta and Andrew Buncombe, “Saudi Bans Use of Its Air Bases to Attack Iraq,” Independent, August 8, 2002; and Reuters, “Saudi Says Will Not Help Any U.S. Strike on Iraq,” November 3, 2002.

32. “U.S. Military Women Cast Off Abayas,” CBS News, January 22, 2002.

33. Eric Schmitt, “U.S. to Withdraw All Combat Units from Saudi Arabia,” New York Times, April 30, 2003; and Maureen Dowd, “Hypocrisy and Apple Pie,” New York Times, April 30, 2003.

34. Global Security Organization, “Ahmed al Jaber Air Base,” .

35. Global Security Organization, “Ali al Salem Air Base,” .

36. Global Security Organization, “Manama, Bahrain,” .

37. Ali Akbar Dareini, “Bahrain Joins Iran in Opposing U.S. Attack on Iraq,” Associated Press, August 18, 2002.

38. Gary C. Gambill, “Qatar’s al-Jazeera TV: The Power of Free Speech,” Middle East Intelligence Bulletin 2:5 (June 1, 2000); Andrea Koppel and Elise Labott, “U.S. Pressures Qatar to Restrain TV Outlet,” CNN.com, October 3, 2001; Tariq Ali, “Diary,” London Review of Books, August 22, 2002; and Robin Shulman, “From Ramallah to Oakland: Al-Jazeera Is a Rising Star in the New Information Age,” San Francisco Chronicle, August 18, 2002. During the second Iraq war, the United States kept up a drumbeat of criticism against al-Jazeera’s reporting. See Elizabeth Ptacek, “Backlash against al-Jazeera,” In These Times, April 4, 2003.

39. 1st Lt. Johnny Rea, 379th Air Expeditionary Wing Public Affairs Officer, .

40. Associated Press, “U.S. to Close One Air Base, Upgrade Another,” Washington Times, May 12, 2003; Global Security Organization, “Al-Udeid Air Base, Qatar,” .

41. Michael Wolff, “Live from Doha,” New York Magazine, April 7, 2003; Verne Gay, “Brig. Gen. Vincent Brooks, the Face of the War Effort,” Chicago Tribune, April 10, 2003.

42. BBC News, “U.S. to Expand Abu Dhabi Air Base,” May 14, 2003.

43. See “Oman Open to Closer U.S. Military Ties,” WorldNetDaily.com, January 14, 2002; Ian Bruce, “U.S. to Spend £90m on Air Base in Oman,” Herald, April 19, 2002; and “Oman Allocates Land for New Base,” World Tribune.com, April 25, 2002.

9: WHATEVER HAPPENED TO GLOBALIZATION?

1. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Meridian Books, 1958), p. 125.

2. World Trade Organization, Annual Report 1998: International Trade Statistics (Geneva: WTO, 1998), p. 12. Quoted in Walden Bello, The Future in the Balance (Oakland, Calif.: Food First Books, 2001), p. 36.

3. Bruce R. Scott, “The Great Divide in the Global Village,” Foreign Affairs 80:1 (January/February 2001), p. 160.

4. Manfred B. Steger, Globalism: The New Market Ideology (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), pp. 12–13.

5. For a sunny argument that globalization will undercut the state and usher in a period of lasting peace, see Richard N. Rosecrance, The Rise of the Virtual State: Wealth and Power in the Coming Century (New York: Basic Books, 2000).

6. Steger, Globalism, p. 54.

7. Bill Clinton, “Remarks by the President on Foreign Policy,” invitation-only address in San Francisco, February 26, 1999; and Sonya Ross, “Clinton Talks of Better Living,” Associated Press, October 15, 1997. Quoted in Steger, Globalism, p. 55.

8. See Bush’s press conference after the April 22, 2001, Summit of the Americas in Quebec. Also see Maude Barlow, The Free Trade Area of the Americas: The Threat to Social Programs, Environmental Sustain-ability and Social Justice (San Francisco: International Forum on Globalization, 2001).

9. Oswaldo de Rivero, The Myth of Development (London: Zed Books, 2001), p. 138.

10. Ibid., p. 22.

11. Harvey Cox, “The Market as God: Living in the New Dispensation,” Atlantic Monthly, March 1999, pp. 18–23.

12. Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 209. On the racism and genocide of the British Empire, see Sven Lindquist, Exterminate All the Brutes (New York: New Press, 1996).

13. Joseph E. Stiglitz, “A Fair Deal for the World,” New York Review of Books, May 23, 2002, p. 24. Also see Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002).