James Frazer - The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 03 of 12)

B. F. Matthes, “Over de âdá's of gewoonten der Makassaren en Boegineezen,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen der koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen (Amsterdam), Afdeeling Letterkunde, Reeks iii. Deel ii. (1885) pp. 174 sq. ; J. K. Niemann, “De Boegineezen en Makassaren,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië , xxxviii.(1889) p. 281.

A. C. Kruyt, “Het koppensnellen der Toradja's,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen der koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen (Amsterdam), Afdeeling Letterkunde, Reeks iv. Deel iii. (1899) p. 162.

J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië , xxxix. (1890) pp. 56-58. On traces of the bird-soul in Mohammedan popular belief, see I. Goldziher, “Der Seelenvogel im islamischen Volksglauben,” Globus , lxxxiii. (1903) pp. 301-304; and on the soul in bird-form generally, see J. von Negelein, “Seele als Vogel,” Globus , lxxix. (1901) pp. 357-361, 381-384.

K. von den Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens , p. 340; E. F. im Thurn, Among the Indians of Guiana , pp. 344 sqq.

V. Fric, “Eine Pilcomayo-Reise in den Chaco Central,” Globus , lxxxix. (1906) p. 233.

Shway Yoe, The Burman, his Life and Notions (London, 1882), ii. 100.

R. Andree, Braunschweiger Volkskunde (Brunswick, 1896), p. 266.

H. von Wlislocki, Volksglaube und Volksbrauch der Siebenbürger Sachsen (Berlin, 1893), p. 167.

J. L. Wilson, Western Africa (London, 1856), p. 220; A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast , p. 20.

J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua , p. 267. For detention of a sleeper's soul by spirits and consequent illness, see also Mason, quoted in A. Bastian's Die Völker des östlichen Asien , ii. 387 note.

J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition , vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 327. The Koryak of North-Eastern Asia also keep awake so long as there is a corpse in the house. See W. Jochelson, “The Koryak, Religion and Myths,” Memoir of the American Museum for Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition , vol. vi. part i. (Leyden and New York, 1905) p. 110.

G. Kurze, “Sitten und Gebräuche der Lengua-Indianer,” Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena , xxiii. (1905) p. 18.

H. Ling Roth, “Low's Natives of Borneo,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute , xxi. (1892) p. 112.

Indian Antiquary , vii. (1878) p. 273; A. Bastian, Völkerstämme am Brahmaputra , p. 127. A similar story is told by the Hindoos and Malays, though the lizard form of the soul is not mentioned. See Panjab Notes and Queries , iii. p. 166, § 679; N. Annandale, “Primitive Beliefs and Customs of the Patani Fishermen,” Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology , part i. (April 1903) pp. 94 sq.

E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest , ii. 27 sq. A similar story is told in Holland (J. W. Wolf, Nederlandsche Sagen , No. 250, pp. 343 sq. ). The story of King Gunthram belongs to the same class; the king's soul comes out of his mouth as a small reptile (Paulus Diaconus, Hist. Langobardorum , iii. 34). In an East Indian story of the same type the sleeper's soul issues from his nose in the form of a cricket (G. A. Wilken, in De Indische Gids , June 1884, p. 940). In a Swabian story a girl's soul creeps out of her mouth in the form of a white mouse (A. Birlinger, Volksthümliches aus Schwaben , i. 303). In a Saxon story the soul comes out of the sleeper's mouth in the shape of a red mouse. See E. Mogk, in R. Wuttke's Sächsische Volkskunde 2(Dresden, 1901), p. 318.

Shway Yoe, The Burman , ii. 103; M. and B. Ferrars, Burma (London, 1900), p. 77; R. G. Woodthorpe, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute , xxvi. (1897) p. 23; A. Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien , ii. 389; F. Blumentritt, “Der Ahnencultus und die religiösen Anschauungen der Malaien des Philippinen-Archipels,” Mittheilungen der Wiener Geogr. Gesellschaft , 1882, p. 209; J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua , p. 440; id. , “Die Landschaft Dawan oder West-Timor,” Deutsche geographische Blätter , x. 280; A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschapelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap , xxxix. (1895) p. 4; K. von den Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens , pp. 340, 510; L. F. Gowing, Five Thousand Miles in a Sledge (London, 1889), p. 226; A. C. Hollis, The Masai (Oxford, 1905), p. 308. The rule is mentioned and a mystic reason assigned for it in the Satapatha Brâhmana (part v. p. 371, J. Eggeling's translation).

Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a letter to the author dated August 26, 1898.

K. von den Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens , p. 340.

Hugh Miller, My Schools and Schoolmasters (Edinburgh, 1854), ch. vi. pp. 106 sq.

J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië , xxxix. (1890) p. 50.

N. Annandale, in Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology , part i. (April 1903) p. 94.

Panjab Notes and Queries , iii. p. 116, § 530.

W. W. Rockhill, “Notes on some of the Laws, Customs, and Superstitions of Korea,” American Anthropologist , iv. (1891) p. 183.

W. R. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People , pp. 117 sq. ; F. S. Krauss, Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven (Münster i. W., 1890), p. 112. The latter writer tells us that the witch's spirit is also supposed to assume the form of a fly, a hen, a turkey, a crow, and especially a toad.

Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat , vii. (1872) No. 2, p. 53.

P. Einhorn, “Wiederlegunge der Abgötterey,” etc., reprinted in Scriptores rerum Livonicarun , ii. 645 (Riga and Leipsic, 1848).

A. de Nore, Coutumes, mythes et traditions des provinces de France (Paris and Lyons, 1846), p. 88.

A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia , p. 387.

Bringaud, “Les Karens de la Birmanie,” Missions Catholiques , xx. (1888) pp. 297 sq.