James Frazer - The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 03 of 12)

Aulus Gellius, x. 15; Plutarch, Quaest, Rom. 109-112; Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxviii. 146; Servius on Virgil, Aen. i. 179, 448, iv. 518; Macrobius, Saturn. i. 16. 8 sq. ; Festus, p. 161 a, ed. C. O. Müller. For more details see J. Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung , iii. 2326 sqq.

Sir Harry Johnston, Liberia (London, 1906), ii. 1076 sq. , quoting from Bishop Payne, who wrote “some fifty years ago.” The Bodia described by Bishop Payne is clearly identical with the Bodio of the Grain Coast who is described by the Rev. J. L. Wilson ( Western Africa , pp. 129 sqq. ). See below, p. 23; and The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings , vol. i. p. 353. As to the iron ring which the pontiff wears on his ankle as the badge of his office we are told that it “is regarded with as much veneration as the most ancient crown in Europe, and the incumbent suffers as deep disgrace by its removal as any monarch in Europe would by being deprived of his crown” (J. L. Wilson, op. cit. pp. 129 sq. ).

W. H. R. Rivers, The Todas (London, 1906), pp. 98-103.

For restrictions imposed on these lesser milkmen see W. H. R. Rivers, op. cit. pp. 62, 66, 67 sq. , 72, 73, 79-81.

W. H. R. Rivers, The Todas , pp. 79-81.

The Magic Art , vol. ii. p. 4.

Id. vol. i. pp. 354 sq.

A. Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste , i. 354 sq. , ii. 9, 11.

Zweifel et Moustier, “Voyage aux sources du Niger,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), VIme Série, xx. (1880) p. 111.

O. Dapper, Description de l'Afrique (Amsterdam, 1686), p. 250.

J. Matthews, Voyage to Sierra-Leone (London, 1791), p. 75.

T. Winterbottom, Account of the Native Africans in the Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone (London, 1803), p. 124.

The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia , collected and historically digested by F. Balthazar Tellez (London, 1710), pp. 197 sq.

Manners and Customs of the Japanese , pp. 199 sqq. , 355 sqq.

Richard, “History of Tonquin,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels , ix. 744 sqq.

L. A. Waddell, Among the Himalayas (Westminster, 1899), pp. 146 sq.

W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches , Second Edition (London, 1832-1836), iii. 99 sqq.

W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs of the South Pacific , pp. 293 sqq.

The late Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a letter to the author, dated August 26, 1898.

W. Mariner, An Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands , Second Edition (London, 1818), ii. 75-79, 132-136.

Strabo, vii. 3. 5, pp. 297 sq. Compare id. vii. 3. 11, p. 304.

Aristotle, Constitution of Athens , iii. 2. My friend Professor Henry Jackson kindly called my attention to this passage.

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings , vol. i. p. 416, and above, p. 6.

Miss Mary H. Kingsley in Journal of the Anthropological Institute , xxix. (1899) pp. 61 sqq. I had some conversation on this subject with Miss Kingsley (1st June 1897) and have embodied the results in the text. Miss Kingsley did not know the rule of succession among the fetish kings.

T. J. Hutchinson, Impressions of Western Africa (London, 1858), pp. 101 sq. ; Le Comte C. N. de Cardi, “Ju-ju Laws and Customs in the Niger Delta,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute , xxix. (1899) p. 51.

H. Goldie, Calabar and its Mission , New Edition (London, 1901), P. 43.

J. L. Wilson, Western Africa (London, 1856), p. 129. As to the taboos observed by the Bodio or Bodia see above, p. 15.

Miss Mary H. Kingsley, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute , xxix. (1899) p. 62.

Marchoux, “Ethnographie, Porto-Novo,” Revue Scientifique , Quatrième Série, iii. (1895) pp. 595 sq. This passage was pointed out to me by Mr. N. W. Thomas.

O. von Kotzebue, Entdeckungs-Reise in die Süd-See und nach der Berings-Strasse (Weimar, 1821), iii. 149.

J. J. de Hollander, Handleiding bij de Beofening der Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië , ii. 606 sq. In other parts of Timor the spiritual ruler is called Anaha paha or “conjuror of the land.” Compare H. Zondervan, “Timor en de Timoreezen,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap , Tweede Serie, v. (1888) Afdeeling, mehr uitgebreide artikelen, pp. 400-402.

A. C. Haddon, Head-hunters, Black, White, and Brown (London, 1901), pp. 270-272.

Dr. Hahl, “Mittheilungen über Sitten und rechtliche Verhältnisse auf Ponape,” Ethnologisches Notizblatt , ii. Heft 2 (Berlin, 1901), pp. 5 sq. , 7. The title of the prime-minister is Nanekin .

R. Salvado, Mémoires historiques sur l'Australie (Paris, 1854), p. 162; Journal of the Anthropological Institute , vii. (1878) p. 282. In this edifying catechism there is little to choose between the savagery of the white man and the savagery of the black.

Relations des Jésuites , 1634, p. 17; id. , 1636, p. 104; id. , 1639, p. 43 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).

H. Rink, Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo , p. 36. The Esquimaux of Bering Strait believe that every man has several souls, and that two of these souls are shaped exactly like the body. See E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology , part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 422.

Fr. Boas, in Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada , p. 44 (separate reprint from the Report of the British Association for 1890 ).

Fr. Boas, in Ninth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada , p. 461 ( Report of the British Association for 1894 ).

W. W. Skeat, Malay Magic (London, 1900), p. 47.

G. Maspero, Études de mythologie et d'archéologie égyptiennes (Paris, 1893), i. 388 sq. ; A. Wiedemann, The ancient Egyptian Doctrine of the Immortality of the Soul (London, 1895), pp. 10 sqq. In Greek works of art, especially vase-paintings, the human soul is sometimes represented as a tiny being in human form, generally winged, sometimes clothed and armed, sometimes naked. See O. Jahn, Archäologische Beiträge (Berlin, 1847), pp. 128 sqq. ; E. Pottier, Étude sur les lécythes blancs attiques (Paris, 1883), pp. 75-79; American Journal of Archaeology , ii. (1886) pll. xii., xiii.; O. Kern, in Aus der Anomia, Archäologische Beiträge Carl Robert zur Erinnerung an Berlin dargebracht (Berlin, 1890), pp. 89-95. Greek artists of a later period sometimes portrayed the human soul in the form of a butterfly (O. Jahn, op. cit. pp. 138 sqq. ). There was a particular sort of butterfly to which the Greeks gave the name of soul (ψυχή). See Aristotle, Hist. anim. v. 19, p. 550 b 26, p. 551 b 13 sq. ; Plutarch, Quaest. conviv. ii. 3. 2.