James Frazer - The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 09 of 12)

C. J. F. S. Forbes, British Burma (London, 1878), pp. 221 sq.

Shway Yoe, The Burman, his Life and Notions (London, 1882), i. 276 sq.

Shway Yoe, op. cit. i. 278. “To the Burman,” says A. Bastian, “the whole world is filled with nats. Mountains, rivers, waters, the earth, etc., have all their nat.” ( Die Völker des östlichen Asien , ii. 497).

Mgr. Pallegoix, Description du royaume Thai ou Siam (Paris, 1854), i. 42.

C. Bock, Temples and Elephants (London, 1884), p. 198.

Mgr. Bruguière, in Annales de l'Association de la Propagation de la Foi , v. (1831) p. 128.

J. Deniker, The Races of Man (London, 1900), pp. 400 sqq.

A. Bourlet, “Les Thay,” Anthropos , ii. (1907) p. 619.

A. Bourlet, op. cit. p. 632.

J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious System of China , v. (Leyden, 1907) p. 470.

J. J. M. de Groot, op. cit. vi. (Leyden, 1910) pp. 930-932. This sixth volume of Professor de Groot's great work is mainly devoted to an account of the ceaseless war waged by the Chinese people on demons or spectres ( kwei ). A more summary notice of this curious national delusion will be found in his work The Religion of the Chinese (New York, 1910), chapter ii., “The Struggle against Spectres,” pp. 33-61.

Mrs. Bishop (Isabella L. Bird), Korea and her Neighbours (London, 1898), ii. 227 sq. , 229. I have taken the liberty of changing the writer's “daemon” and “daemoniacal” into “demon” and “demoniacal.”

C. von Dittmar, “Über die Koräken und die ihnen sehr nahe verwandten Tschuktschen,” Bulletin de la Classe Historico-philologique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg , xiii. (1856) coll. 123 sq.

W. Jochelson, The Koryak (Leyden and New York, 1908), p. 28 ( The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History ).

L. Sternberg, “Die Religion der Giljaken,” Archiv für Religionswissenschaft , viii. (1905) pp. 460 sq.

M. Jastrow, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898), pp. 260 sqq. ; id. , Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens , i. (Giessen, 1905) pp. 278 sqq. ; C. Fossey, La Magie Assyrienne (Paris, 1902), pp. 27-30, 34; E. Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament , Dritte Auflage, neu bearbeitet von H. Zimmern und H. Winckler (Berlin, 1902), pp. 458 sqq.

E. A. Wallis Budge, Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection (London, 1911), ii. 150.

E. W. Lane, Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (Paisley and London, 1895), chap. x. pp. 231 sq.

C. B. Klunzinger, Bilder aus Oberägypten, der Wüste und dem Rothen Meere (Stuttgart, 1877), p. 382; compare ibid. pp. 374 sq.

Aristotle, De anima , i. 5. 17; Diogenes Laertius, i. 1. 27.

Porphyry, quoted by Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelii , iv. 23.

Elsewhere I have attempted to shew that a particular class of purifications – those observed by mourners – is intended to protect the living from the disembodied spirits of the dead (“On certain Burial Customs as illustrative of the Primitive Theory of the Soul,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute , xv. (1886) pp. 64 sqq. ).

C. Meyer, Der Aberglaube des Mittelalters (Bâle, 1884), pp. 109-111, 191 sq.

E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest (Edinburgh and London, 1888), i. 328. The superstitions of the Roumanians of Transylvania have been collected by W. Schmidt in his tract Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens (Hermannstadt, 1866).

Manuk Abeghian, Der armenische Volksglaube (Leipsic, 1899), pp. 31 sq.

Paul Reina, “Über die Bewohner der Insel Rook,” Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde , N.F., iv. (1858) p. 356.

R. Parkinson, Im Bismarck-Archipel (Leipsic, 1887), p. 142; id. , Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee (Stuttgart, 1907), p. 119.

O. Opigez, “Aperçu général sur la Nouvelle-Calédonie,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), VII. Série, vii. (1886) p. 443.

S. Gason, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute , xxiv. (1895) p. 170.

Rev. James Macdonald, Religion and Myth (London, 1893), pp. 100-102. The writer, who describes the ceremony at first hand, remarks that “there is no periodic purging of devils, nor are more spirits than one expelled at a time.” He adds: “I have noticed frequently a connection between the quantity of grain that could be spared for making beer, and the frequency of gatherings for the purging of evils.”

[P. N. Wilken], “De godsdienst en godsdienstplegtigheden der Alfoeren in de Menahassa op het eiland Celebes,” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië , December 1849, pp. 392-394; id. , “Bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en gewoonten der Alfoeren in de Minahassa,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap , vii. (1863) pp. 149 sqq. ; J. G. F. Riedel, “De Minahasa in 1825,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde , xviii. (1872) pp. 521 sq. Wilken's first and fuller account is reprinted in N. Graafland's De Minahassa (Rotterdam, 1869), i. 117-120. A German translation of Wilken's earlier article is printed in Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde , N.F., x. (1861) pp. 43-61.

J. G. F. Riedel, “Galela und Tobeloresen,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie , xvii. (1885) p. 82; G. A. Wilken, “Het Shamanisme bij de Volken van de Indischen Archipel,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indie , xxxvi. (1887) p. 484; id. , Verspreide Geschriften (The Hague, 1912), iii. 383. When smallpox is raging, the Toradjas of Central Celebes abandon the village and live in the bush for seven days in order to make the spirit of smallpox believe that they are all dead. But it does not appear that they forcibly expel him from the village. See N. Adriani en Alb. C. Kruijt, De Bare'e-sprekende Toradja's van Midden-Celebes , i. (Batavia, 1912) p. 417.

C. M. Pleyte, “Ethnographische Beschrijving der Kei-eilanden,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap , Tweede Serie, x. (1893) pp. 834 sq. A briefer account of the custom had previously been given by J. G. F. Riedel ( De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua , The Hague, 1886, p. 239).