Klaus Schwab - Stakeholder Capitalism

World Bank, GDP Growth (annual %), 1961–2018, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG.

“What's a Global Recession,” Bob Davis, The Wall Street Journal , April 2009, https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2009/04/22/whats-a-global-recession/.

United States Census Bureau, International Data Base, September 2018, https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/idb/informationGateway.php.

“World Economic Outlook,” International Monetary Fund, Updated July 2019, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2019/07/18/WEOupdateJuly2019.

“World Economic Outlook,” International Monetary Fund, April 2019, Appendix A https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/WEO/2019/April/English/text.ashx?la=en.

This concerns GDP growth based on market exchange rates (see corresponding row on table cited in footnotes 11 and 12).

“World Bank Country and Lending Groups,” World Bank, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.

“The Great Emerging-Market Growth Story is Unravelling,” The Financial Times , June 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/ad11f624-8b8c-11e9-a1c1-51bf8f989972.

See the IMF estimate of 2019 above. For the IIF estimate of Q1 2020, see https://www.iif.com/Portals/0/Files/content/Research/Global%20Debt%20Monitor_July2020.pdf.

“Coronavirus Lifts Government Debt to WWII Levels—Cutting It Won't Be Easy,” The Wall Street Journal , August 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-lifts-government-debt-to-wwii-levelscutting-it-wont-be-easy-11598191201.

“Resolving Global Debt: An Urgent Collective Action Cause,” Geoffrey Okamoto, IMF First Deputy Managing Director, October 2020, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/10/01/sp100120-resolving-global-debt-an-urgent-collective-action-cause.

“Gross Debt Position, % of GDP,” Fiscal Monitor, International Monetary Fund, April 2020, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/G_XWDG_G01_GDP_PT@FM/ADVEC/FM_EMG/FM_LIDC.

“Inflation Rate, Average Consumer Prices, Annual Percent Change, Advanced Economies,” World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, April 2020, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/ADVEC/OEMDC.

International Monetary Fund, DataMapper, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/GGXWDG_NGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD.

“Youth Dividend or Ticking Time Bomb?” Africa Renewal , UN, 2017, https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/special-edition-youth-2017/youth-dividend-or-ticking-time-bomb.

“EM Youth Bulge: A Demographic Dividend or Time Bomb?” Jonathan Wheatley, Financial Times , May 2013, https://www.ft.com/content/f08db252-6e84-371d-980a-30ab41650ff2.

National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Japan, http://www.ipss.go.jp/pp-zenkoku/e/zenkoku_e2017/pp_zenkoku2017e_gaiyou.html#e_zenkoku_II.

“Gross Debt Position, % of GDP,” Fiscal Monitor, International Monetary Fund, April 2020, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/G_XWDG_G01_GDP_PT@FM/ADVEC/FM_EMG/FM_LIDC.

Ibidem.

“U.S. Central Bank Cuts Interest Rate for 1st Time Since 2008,” CBC, July 2019, https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/federal-reserve-interest-rate-decision-1.5231891.

“United States Fed Funds Rate, 1971–2020,” Trading Economics, https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/interest-rate.

This practice is common in many oil- and gas-producing countries, such as Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, the UAE, Libya, and Kuwait, but also in other emerging markets such as China, Indonesia, Mexico, and Egypt. See: “Energy Subsidies, Tracking the Impact of Fossil-Fuel Subsidies,” IEA, https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-subsidies.

“Public Spending on Health: A Closer Look at Global Trends,” World Health Organization, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/276728/WHO-HIS-HGF-HF-WorkingPaper-18.3-eng.pdf?ua=1.

“Global Infrastructure Outlook,” Global Infrastructure Hub, https://outlook.gihub.org/.

“We'll Live to 100—How Can We Afford It?” World Economic Forum, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_White_Paper_We_Will_Live_to_100.pdf.

“Labor Productivity and Costs,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/lpc/prodybar.htm.

“Decoupling of Wages from Productivity,” OECD, Economic Outlook, November 2018, https://www.oecd.org/economy/outlook/Decoupling-of-wages-from-productivity-november-2018-OECD-economic-outlook-chapter.pdf.

“Some Notes on the Scientific Methods of Simon Kuznets,” Robert Fogel, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1987, https://www.nber.org/papers/w2461.pdf.

“Global Inequality is Declining—Largely Thanks to China and India,” Zsolt Darvas, Bruegel Institute, April 2018, https://bruegel.org/2018/04/global-income-inequality-is-declining-largely-thanks-to-china-and-india/.

“Upper-Middle-Income Countries,” World Bank, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.

“China Lifts 740 Million Rural Poor Out of Poverty Since 1978,” Xinhua, September 2018, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/03/c_137441670.htm.

“Minneapolis Fed, “Income and Wealth Inequality in America, 1949–2016,” https://www.minneapolisfed.org/institute/working-papers-institute/iwp9.pdf.

“Piketty's Inequality Story in Six Charts,” John Cassidy, The New Yorker , March 2014, https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/pikettys-inequality-story-in-six-charts.

“World Inequality Report, 2018,” https://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-summary-english.pdf.

The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class , Guy Standing, 2011, https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-precariat-9781849664561/.

Interview with Kalle Lasn by Peter Vanham, Vancouver, Canada, March 2012.

“World Inequality Report, 2018,” https://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-summary-english.pdf.

“ How Unequal Is Europe? Evidence from Distributional National Accounts, 1980–2017,” Thomas Blanchet, Lucas Chancel, Amory Gethin, World Economic Database, April 2019, https://wid.world/document/bcg2019-full-paper/.

EU income inequality decline: Views from an income shares perspective, Zsolt Darvas, Bruegel Institute, 2018, https://www.bruegel.org/2018/07/eu-income-inequality-decline-views-from-an-income-shares-perspective/.

“Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data,” Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, The Quarterly Journal of Economics , May 2016, http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/SaezZucman2016QJE.pdf.