Tarso B. Ledur Kist - Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis

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Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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Presents the theory and applications of Toroidal Capillary, Microchip, and Slab Electrophoresis to analytical chemists across a range of disciplines Written by one of the developers of Toroidal Capillary Electrophoresis (TCE), this book is the first to present this novel analytical technique, in detail, to the field of analytical chemistry.
The exact expressions of separation efficiency, resolution, peak capacity, and many other performance indicators of the open and toroidal layouts are presented and compared.
Featuring numerous illustrations throughout,
offers chapters covering: Solvents and Buffer Solutions; Fundamentals of Electrophoresis; Open Layout; and Toroidal Layout. Confronting Performance Indicators is next, followed by chapters on High Voltage Modules and Distributors; Heat Removal and Temperature Control; and Detectors. The book finishes with an examination of the applications of Toroidal Electrophoresis.
The first book to offer a detailed account of Toroidal Electrophoresis—written by one of its creators
Compares the toroidal layouts with the well-established open layouts of the three most used platforms (Capillary, Microchip, and Slab) Provides solutions to many of the experimental issues arising in electromigration techniques and discusses the voltage distributors and detectors that are compatible with the toroidal layouts Richly illustrated with a large number of useful equations showing the relationships between important operational parameters and the performance indicators 
is aimed at method developers and separation scientists working in clinical analysis, and food analysis, as well as those in pharmacology, disease biomarker applications, and nucleic acid analysis using the Capillary, Microchip, or slab Platform. It will also benefit undergraduate and graduate students of inorganic analytical chemistry, organic analytical chemistry, bioanalysis, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical sciences, and food analysis.

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The relative electric (static) permittivity of water is represented by the constant картинка 55and has an important role in the Coulomb equation , equation 1.1. This constant is high for water and Table 1.1shows a list for comparison. Moreover, the average number of hydrogen bonds between water molecules in pure water is much larger than the average number of hydrogen bonds within hydrofluoridic acid or ammonia, due to the symmetry of the two sp 3bonding orbitals and the two sp 3non-bonding orbitals of water molecules. This maximizes the average number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds – up to two as negative charge donor and two as negative charge acceptor – totaling up to four hydrogen bonds per molecule. Therefore, pure water is liquid from 273.15 K up to 373.15 K at 1 atm. The electric force ( among ions within a liquid is given by 11 where represent - фото 56) among ions within a liquid is given by:

(1.1) where represents the electric permittivity of the vacuum represents t - фото 57

where картинка 58represents the electric permittivity of the vacuum, картинка 59represents the permittivity of the liquid (solvent), картинка 60is defined as the relative permittivity, картинка 61and картинка 62are the charges, and the distance from each other Table 11shows the relative static permittivity - фото 63the distance from each other. Table 1.1shows the relative (static) permittivity of some solvents; note that water is among the highest.

Figure 11 Some neighbors of oxygen in the periodic table The atomic number is - фото 64

Figure 1.1 Some neighbors of oxygen in the periodic table. The atomic number is at the upper left, the electronic configuration at the upper right, and the electronegativity [2] at the bottom left. Oxygen has the highest electronegativity of all, except for fluorine. The hydrides shown are: methane, ammonia, water, hydrogen fluoride, silicon hydride, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen chloride. All are gases in the 0 to 100 картинка 65C range and one atmosphere of pressure, except for water and hydrogen fluoride, which has a boiling point of 19.5 картинка 66C.

1.1.3 Dissolution

Neutral and non-ionizable solutes that are able to form hydrogen bonds tend to be soluble in water. Of course, solubility depends on the size of the molecule, the number of hydrogen bonds each molecule forms with water, the interaction energies of the solute molecules with themselves, and the entropy changes involved. If the number of hydrogen bonds is small and the solute molecules are large compared to the water molecules, then the solute tends to be expelled out from the bulk (interior) of the water by the water molecules. An exact prediction of solubility is given by the Gibbs free energy change (see Section 1.1.8).

1.1.4 Solvation

The introduction of ions into certain solvents makes some solvent molecules attach around these ions, producing one or more layers of solvent molecules. The number of layers mainly depends on the charge of the ions, while the number of water molecules per layer largely depends on the size of the ions. These layers are a result of the charge–permanent dipole interaction between the ions and the permanent dipoles of the solvent molecules. Since water is a small molecule with a large electric dipole moment, this interaction is very strong in water. Figure 1.2illustrates the solvation of an anion in water and Figure 1.3illustrates the solvation of a cation in water.

Table 1.1 Relative (static) permittivities of liquids at 20 картинка 67C. Extracted from Wohlfart and Lechner (2008) [3].

Liquid картинка 68
N-methylformamide 189.0
Formamide 111.0
N-ethylformamide 104.7 a)
Water 80.100
Propylene carbonate 66.14
Methanoic acid (Formic acid) 51.1
Dimethyl sulfoxide 47.24
Glycerol 46.53
Ethylene glycol 41.4
N,N-dimethylacetamide 39.0
N,N-dimethylformamide 38.25
Acetonitrile 36.64
1,3-propanediol 35.1
Methanol 33.0
Ethanolamine 31.94
N,N-diethylformamide 29.6
2-pyrrolidone 28.18
Diethanolamine 25.75
Ethanol 25.3
Propan-2-one (Acetone) 21.01
1-propanol 20.8
2-propanol 20.18
Allyl alcohol 19.7
1-butanol 17.84
2-butanol 17.26
Cyclohexanone 16.1
Cyclopentanone 13.58
Trifluoroacetic acid 8.42
Tetrahydrofuran 7.6
Ethanoic acid (Acetic acid) 6.20
Propanoic acid 3.44
Dimethyl carbonate 3.087
1,4-dioxane 2.2189
Cyclohexane 2.0243
Hexane 1.8865

a)Calculated considering the change of 0.45% per C observed with the formamide derivatives at 20 C Figure 12 - фото 69C observed with the formamide derivatives at 20 C Figure 12 Schematic representation of chloride anion solvation in water - фото 70C.

Figure 12 Schematic representation of chloride anion solvation in water - фото 71

Figure 1.2 Schematic representation of chloride anion solvation in water.

Figure 13 Solvation of the sodium cation in water 115 Dissociation - фото 72

Figure 1.3 Solvation of the sodium cation in water.

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