Robert A. Calvert - The History of Texas

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5 Bolton, Herbert E. Texas in the Middle Eighteenth Century. 1915. Reprint, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.

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8 ———, and Harriett Denise Joseph. Notable Men and Women of Spanish Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999.

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12 Folsom, Bradley. Arredondo: Last Spanish Ruler of Texas and Northeastern New Spain. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2017.

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1 Bannon, John Francis. “The Mission as a Frontier Institution: Sixty Years of Interest and Research.” Western Historical Quarterly 10, no. 3 (July 1979): 303–22.

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The execution of Miguel Hidalgo in 1811 by royalist forces did not end New Spain’s rebellion against the mother country. Another priest, José María Morelos, assumed command and committed the movement to a repudiation of the Spanish past. In Spain, meantime, the liberal Cortes (parliament) that had fought off Napoleon turned its attention to reform. Heeding the ideals of the Enlightenment, Spaniards penned the Constitution of 1812; the document forced King Ferdinand to acknowledge the will of the Cortes and provided the means by which people could gain better representation at all levels of government. An absolutist, Ferdinand suspended the constitution upon returning from exile in 1814, and Morelos’s capture and execution in 1815 spawned a royalist resurgence. Guerrilla bands carrying the Hidalgo/Morelos banner went underground for the next five years. Then, surprisingly, in 1820, liberalism returned to Spain when a military revolt coerced the king into reinstating the Constitution of 1812.

Alarmed, conservatives in New Spain–who had envisioned a nation retaining the basic foundations of the colonial era, but with themselves presiding over the society–considered independence preferable to living under a liberal rule that might well encourage the lower classes to challenge the social order. Agustín de Iturbide surfaced as the leader of this conservative faction, but he successfully recruited among the liberal resistance fighters who shared with him and the other conservatives the belief that liberation would be for the common good. In 1821, New Spain’s viceroy, realizing that the power of this expedient conservative/liberal coalition prevented the further subordination of the colony, recognized Mexico’s independence.

Finally free from the yoke of the Old World, Mexico confronted the task of forming its own kind of government. Liberals wished to mold a republic based on the liberal precepts of the Enlightenment and the Constitution of 1812. The conservatives, however, disliked the egalitarian ideas that Enlightenment thinking put into the minds of the lower classes. In a conservative countermove, Iturbide, who had been responsible for uniting all classes and political elements in Mexico behind the rallying cry of independence, centralized rule by establishing himself as emperor of Mexico. No sooner had he taken the throne, however, than he was denounced in the Plan de Casa Mata (issued in February of 1823), a liberal edict issued by a young military commander named Antonio López de Santa Anna. After successfully removing Iturbide from power in March 1823, the liberal supporters of the Plan de Casa Mata sought to solidify their victory by establishing a federalist republic.