M. R. Islam - Economically and Environmentally Sustainable Enhanced Oil Recovery

4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Various stages of fracture data collection.Table 5.2 Quality ranking scheme for borehole breakouts in a single well inte...Table 5.3 Quality ranking scheme for drilling induced fractures from image lo...Table 5.4 Elastic parameters used by Shen (1998).Table 5.5 Elastic parameters and fracture parameters of Model 1 and Model 2.Table 5.6 Length of lateral sections, average true vertical depth of lateral ...Table 5.7 Results of fracture identification in Well A-1.Table 5.8 Results of fracture identification in Well A-2.Table 5.9 Comparison of estimated fracture aperture between pairs of conducti...Table 5.10 List of borehole imaging tools from which BGS holds digital data, ...Table 5.11 Geological characterization from GR Spectralog (From Islam et al ., ...Table 5.12 Physical characteristics of the reservoir rock (Batini et al ., 2002...Table 5.13 Core analysis results (Batini et al ., 2002).Table 5.14 Well test results (from Islam et al ., 2018).Table 5.15 Comparison between geophysical logs and well testing (from Islam et ...

5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Selection criteria for in situ combustion (from Kujawa and Lechtenbe...Table 6.2 Summary of proven reserve data as of 2018 (Data from CIA Factbook a...Table 6.3 Reserve recovery ratios for different countries (Data from BP, 2017...Table 6.4 Variation in reserves for top oil producing countries (data from BP...Table 6.5 Variations in reserve/production ratios for various countries (Data...Table 6.6 Global RPR of oil, natural gas and coal (BP, 2018).Table 6.7 History of largest oil reservoirs worldwide.

6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Screening criteria for CO 2projects as used in the United States (f...Table 7.2 Recent history of bitumen production (from AER, 2018).Table 7.3 Polymers in heavy oil applications.Table 7.4 Selection criteria of polymer injection candidates.Table 7.5 Screening criteria for ASP (from Sheng, 2015).Table 7.6 Summary of alkali-surfactant projects worldwide (from Sheng, 2015).Table 7.7 Properties of certain surfactants (From Olajire, 2014).Table 7.8 Advantages and disadvantages of the ASP process (from Olajire, 2014...Table 7.9 Overall performance of various EOR techniques (from A.A. Olajire, 2...Table 7.10 List of MEOR Laboratory and field applications (from Shibulal et al Table 7.11 Alkaline leachate and their pH (table from Asakura et al ., 2010).Table 7.12 Types of alkaline waste and their properties (from Gomes et al ., 20...Table 7.13 Selected projects involving CO 2injection.Table 7.14 Various EOR projects in USA.Table 7.15 In situ combustion projects in carbonate reservoirs of the United Stat...Table 7.16 Miscible and immiscible nitrogen floods (continuous or WAG) in the...Table 7.17 Hydrocarbon injection projects in carbonate reservoirs of the Unit...Table 7.18 Examples of steamfloods in carbonate reservoirs of the United Stat...Table 7.19 Chemical floods in carbonate reservoirs of the United States.Table 7.20 Examples of chemical floods in carbonate reservoirs of the United ...

7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Emission from a refinery (Environmental Defense, 2005).Table 8.2 Primary wastes from oil refinery (Environmental Defense, 2005).Table 8.3 The HSS ®A ®pathway in energy management schemes.Table 8.4 Overview of Petroleum Refining Processes (U.S. Department of Labour...Table 8.5 Wave length and quantum energy levels of different radiation source...

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Chapter 4 solves the puzzle of what really is the fossil fuel ass...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Various steps involved in petroleum technology.Figure 2.2 The usefulness of metal depends on its concentration as well as s...Figure 2.3 Relative output spectra of low- and medium pressure mercury arc l...Figure 2.4 Scientific pathway of a chemical reaction modified from Kalbarczy...Figure 2.5 Pathway followed by arsenic chemicals.Picture 2.1 The refining technique used by the Alchemists.Figure 2.6 History of natural gas production from New York.Figure 2.6a History of oil production in New York (from EIA, 2018).Picture 2.2 Typical proppants, used during fracturing.Figure 2.7 Effect of proppant geometry on fracturing efficiency.Figure 2.8 Public perception toward energy sources (Ipsos, 2011).Figure 2.9 Energy outlook for 2040 as compared to 2016 under various scenari...Figure 2.10 There are different trends in population growth depending on the...Figure 2.11 Per capita energy consumption growth for certain countries.Figure 2.12 A strong correlation between a tangible index and per capita ene...Figure 2.13 While population growth has been tagged as the source of economi...Figure 2.14 Population and energy paradox for China (From Speight and Islam,...Figure 2.15 Energy content of different fuels (MJ/kg) (from Spight and Islam...Figure 2.16 Fossil fuel reserves and exploration activities.Figure 2.17 Discovery of natural gas reserves with exploration activities (F...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Water-fire yin yang, showing how without one the other is meaning...Figure 3.2 The sun, earth, and moon all are moving at a characteristic speed...Figure 3.3 Orbital speed vs size (not to scale) (From Islam, 2014).Figure 3.4 The heart beat (picture above) represents natural frequency of a ...Figure 3.5 Maximum and minimum heart rate for different age groups (From Isl...Figure 3.6 Tangible/intangible duality continues infinitely for mega scale t...Figure 3.7 The transition from time/matter yin yang to energy/mass yin yang....Picture 3.1 It is reported that two galaxies are in a collision course (Cowa...Figure 3.8 Characteristic speed (or frequency) can act as the unique functio...Figure 3.9 Rendering real value into artificial loss, while profiteering.Picture 3.2 The difference between charcoal and diamond can be captured in t...Figure 3.10 Yin yang feature of the various components of water and petroleu...Picture 3.3 This single-celled green diatom won Rogelio Moreno Gill of Panam...Picture 3.4 Diatoms.Figure 3.11 Phase diagram of hydrogen (From Service, 2017).Figure 3.12 Phase diagram of oxygen (from Yen and Nicol, 1987).Figure 3.13 The water-food-energy nexus (from Lal, 2013).Figure 3.14 Carbon-oxygen duality is linked to fire water duality.Figure 3.15 Depiction of thermo-nuclear reactions.Figure 3.16 Temperature profile of the atmospheric layer (data from NASA).Figure 3.17 Spectrum of the greenhouse radiation measured at the surface (mo...Figure 3.18 Conceptual model of the electrical structure in mature, mid-lati...Picture 3.5 Plasma state in the surface of the sun (credit NASA).Figure 3.19 Time-height plot of kinematic, electrical, and cloud microphysic...Figure 3.20 World map of the frequency of lightening (From NASA, 2019).Figure 3.21 Yin yang behaviour in natural elemental ‘particles’.Figure 3.22 The nitrogen cycle.Figure 3.23 Of many different kinds exist within the earth’s waters, soil, a...Figure 3.24 the production of sustainable and unsustainable ammonia.Figure 3.25 Long term variation of the amount of N internationally traded th...Figure 3.26 Amount of extra biomass accumulated for usage of fertilizer.Figure 3.27 The world rise in millions of metric tons (Tg) of N in fertilize...Figure 3.28 The world rise in millions of metric tons (Tg) of N in fertilize...Figure 3.29 World fertilizer use for various types (data from FAO, n.d.).Figure 3.30 Approximate composition of soil.Figure 3.31 Schematic of amino acid metabolism in plants (Redrawn from Fagar...Figure 3.32 Structures of certain amino acids with uncharged side chains (fr...Figure 3.33 Structures of certain amino acids with charged side chains (from...Figure 3.34 Possible reaction mechanisms for nitrogenase. Shown are two poss...Figure 3.35 Ammonification and its relation to other processes.Figure 3.36 Schematic representation of the marine nitrogen cycle and its co...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Energy outlook for 2040 as compared to 2016 under various scenari...Figure 4.2 Public perception toward energy sources (Ipsos, 2011).Figure 4.3 Petroleum is the driver of world economy and driven by political ...Figure 4.4 Oil prices in history since Second World War until 2018 (From Isl...Figure 4.5 Unconventional oil and gas production. (a) oil; (b) gas from EIA ...Figure 4.6 Oil price during the most recent conflict and civil war in Libya ...Figure 4.7 Discounts and correlation with political events (From Cheong, 201...Figure 4.8 Short-term energy outlook (From EIA, 2019a).Figure 4.9 Gas price (in $/million BTU) (From EIA, 2018).Figure 4.10 Gas price (in $/1000 Cuft) (From EIA, 2017).Figure 4.11 $/million BTU gas price history of recent years (from EIA, 2019a...Figure 4.12 USA energy outlook (EIA, 2018).Figure 4.13 Long term projections based on past performace in USA (from EIA,...Figure 4.14 Overall energy trade (From EIA, 2019).Figure 4.15 Role of technology on US oil production (From EIA, 2019).Figure 4.16 Significant because shows the coupling between technology and pr...Figure 4.17 Natural gas trade (EIA, 2019).Figure 4.18 Electricity generation for various energy sources (EIA, 2019).Figure 4.19 US energy consumption by sector and by fuel type (EIA, 2019).Figure 4.20 World energy consumption during 1992–2017 (From BP, 2018), milli...Figure 4.21 Actual global oil production (surface mined tar sand not include...Figure 4.22 Global energy consumption through power generation (BP, 2018), e...Figure 4.23 Reserve to production ratio for various regions. (BP, 2018).Figure 4.24 Proved reserve for various regions. (BP, 2018).Figure 4.25a Crude oil production continues to rise overall (From EIA, 2017)...Figure 4.25b U.S. reserve variation in recent history (From Islam et al ., 20...Figure 4.26 Technically recoverable oil and gas reserve in the United States...Figure 4.27 Sulfur content of U.S. crude over last few decades (From EIA, 20...Figure 4.28 Declining API gravity of U.S. crude oil (EIA, 2016).Figure 4.29 Worldwide crude oil quality (from EIA, 2016).Figure 4.30 Even in the short term, the modern age is synonymous with decoup...Figure 4.31 Whole rock Rb-Sr isochron diagram, basement samples (from Islam Figure 4.32 Natural processing time differs for different types of oils.Figure 4.33 Natural processing enhances intrinsic values of natural products...Figure 4.34 The volume of petroleum resources increases as one moves from co...Figure 4.35 Cost of production increases as efficiency, environmental benefi...Picture 4.1 Images of burning crude oil from shale oil (left) and refined oi...Figure 4.36 Overall refining efficiency for various crude oils (modified fro...Figure 4.37 Crude API gravity and heavy product yield of the studied US and ...Figure 4.38 Current estimate of conventional and unconventional gas reserve....Figure 4.39 Abundance of natural resources as a function of time.Figure 4.40 As natural processing time increases so does reserve of natural ...Figure 4.41 ‘Proven’ reserve is miniscule compared to total potential of oil...Figure 4.42 Gulf of Mexico Basin region, the petroleum-producing region of t...Figure 4.43 General region from which petroleum is produced from formations ...Figure 4.44 Area from which petroleum is produced from the Frio Formation, B...Figure 4.45 Three phases of conventional reserve.Figure 4.46 Unconventional reserve growth can be given a boost with scientif...Figure 4.47 Probability distributions for production from wells of an oil or...Figure 4.48 Production data of gas wells in fields in the Ellenburger Group ...