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Next Generation Smart Grids

Qing-Chang Zhong Illinois Institute of Technology & Syndem LLC Chicago, USA

This edition first published 2020

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HB ISBN: 9781118803523

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Cover Images: Electric Car © Nerthuz/Getty Images, Computer Technology © RoyFWylam/Getty Images, Led light bulb © ppart/Shutterstock, Industrial electric motor © scanrail/Getty Images, Hydro dam water © ChrisGorgio/Getty Images, Solar Panel © filo/Getty Images, Energy © Voyagerix/Shutterstock, Nuclear power plant © TTstudio/Shutterstock, A field of wind turbines © linearcurves/Getty Images

To

Ms. Lihua Luo, my first‐grade teacher, who told me:

“you have nothing but potential. Keep moving forward. Never stop.”

and

Ms. Xiufen Lin, my third‐grade teacher, who told me:

“you have nothing but do not envy others.”

Figure 1.1 Structure of the book.

Figure 2.1 Examples of divisive opinions in a democratized society.

Figure 2.2 The sinusoid‐locked loop (SLL) that explains the inherent synchronization mechanism of a synchronous machine.

Figure 2.3 Estimated electricity consumption in the US.

Figure 2.4 A two‐port virtual synchronous machine (VSM).

Figure 2.5 SYNDEM grid architecture based on the synchronization mechanism of synchronous machines (Zhong 2016b, 2017e).

Figure 2.6 A SYNDEM home grid.

Figure 2.7 A SYNDEM neighborhood grid.

Figure 2.8 A SYNDEM community grid.

Figure 2.9 A SYNDEM district grid.

Figure 2.10 A SYNDEM regional grid.

Figure 2.11 The iceberg of power system challenges and solutions.

Figure 2.12 The frequency regulation capability of a VSM connected the UK public grid.