Anthony Kelly - Crystallography and Crystal Defects

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Crystal surface acting as a vacancy source. In (a) an atom jumps...Figure 10.2 {100} plane of NaCl, showing the sense of the displacements of t...Figure 10.3 Hypothetical split interstitial in a c.c.p. metal. The plane of ...Figure 10.4 Hypothetical split interstitial in a b.c.c. metal. The plane of ...Figure 10.5 Crowdion in an alkali metal, as postulated by Paneth [23]. The l...Figure 10.6 H‐centre in a KCl crystal. The plane of the diagram is (001). (N...Figure 10.7 Path followed by an atom jumping into a vacant nearest‐neighbour...Figure 10.8 Path followed by an atom jumping into a vacant nearest‐neighbour...Figure 10.9 Effects of changes in length and lattice parameter with temperat...Figure 10.10 Schematic conductivity plot for a NaCl crystal containing a sma...Figure 10.11 Effect of CdBr 2additions on the electrical conductivity of AgB...Figure 10.12 Annealing out of the quenched‐in resistivity ρ of a metal ...Figure 10.13 Isochronal recovery of electron‐irradiated copper containing an...Figure 10.14 Interstitial sites occupied by C or N atoms in ferrite, α‐Fe. T...Figure 10.15 Effect of relaxation on the strain caused by a constant stress Figure 10.16 Hypothetical tetravacancy in a c.c.p. metal. The dotted lines s...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Structure of a twin in a c.c.p. metal. The plane S in (a) is the...Figure 11.2 Formation of a twin in a c.c.p. metal by shear. The dotted lines...Figure 11.3 Displacements produced by a twin lamella. The traces PQ and QR d...Figure 11.4 The elements of deformation twinning. O is an origin, K 1is the ...Figure 11.5 (a) Type I twin. (b) Type II twin. In (a) the lattice vector l 3...Figure 11.6 Twin in a b.c.c. metal. The scheme of the figure is the same as ...Figure 11.7 Twin in sphaleriteFigure 11.8 Twin in calcite. The scheme of the figure is the same as that of...Figure 11.9 The (10 2) twin in zirconium. The scheme of the figure is the sa...Figure 11.10 The (10 2) twin in zincFigure 11.11 Plan view of the (1 00) plane in graphite, showing the structur...Figure 11.12 The formation of a twin in graphite by a partial dislocation on...Figure 11.13 Shear and the geometry of deformation twinning: a vector l 3par...Figure 11.14 (a) Twin lamella intersecting a surface AB. (b) Dislocation mod...Figure 11.15 Dislocation model of a thin twin lamellaFigure 11.16 Emissary dislocations. The dislocations shown by a single line ...Figure 11.17 Pole mechanism for the growth of a twinFigure 11.18 (a) Projection of 2 × 2 unit cells of pyrite projected onto (00...Figure 11.19 Structures for Type II twinning with stable twin modes for devi...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Scratched surface intersected by a martensite plate MM ′Figure 12.2 The square lattice within the plate outlined in (a) is strained ...Figure 12.3 The three possible 〈211〉 vectors in a (111) planeFigure 12.4 (a) Unit cell of the b.c.c. lattice, drawn with (011) in the x‐y ...Figure 12.5 A section through a sphere of zirconium and the ellipsoid develo...Figure 12.6 Undistorted planes of the strain S′Figure 12.7 Rotation suffered by the undistorted planes of the strain S′Figure 12.8 Approximate crystallography of a plate of martensite in titanium...Figure 12.9 Schematic of a partly transformed In–Tl alloy single crystal. Th...Figure 12.10 The twin relationship of the lamellae shown in Figure 12.9Figure 12.11 Three parallel plates of martensite with alternating shear stra...Figure 12.12 The c.c.p. lattice with a b.c.t. cell picked out of it. (After ...Figure 12.13 Lattice parameters of austenite and martensite as a function of...Figure 12.14 Habit plane normals of martensite in various steels plotted on ...Figure 12.15 The (011) plane of a b.c.c. metal (a) before and (b) after a di...Figure 12.16 The one‐way shape memory effect. (a) a sample annealed in its a...Figure 12.17 The two‐way shape memory effect. (a) a sample annealed in its a...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 The two alternative {10 0} surfaces of a hexagonal metal. The su...Figure 13.2 The four alternatives for a surface parallel to (0001) in wurtzi...Figure 13.3 Surface at a small angle θ to a {111} plane of a c.c.p. met...Figure 13.4 A schematic of energy E as a function of angle θ away from ...Figure 13.5 Possible (1 0) section through the γ‐ plot of a c.c.p....Figure 13.6 A fine wire with a bamboo‐like grain structure to which a load W Figure 13.7 Splitting of a crystal of width w with a pre‐existing crack of l...Figure 13.8 Low‐angle symmetrical tilt boundary in a simple cubic lattice. T...Figure 13.9 Energy of a tilt boundary as a function of the tilt angle θ. Val...Figure 13.10 Schematic of a high‐angle tilt boundary of good fit between one...Figure 13.11 An asymmetrical tilt boundary where the misorientation across t...Figure 13.12 A low‐angle twist boundary in a simple cubic lattice. The bound...Figure 13.13 (a) Generation of grains 1 and 2 by opposite rotations of θ/ ...Figure 13.14 Twist boundary of good fit in a simple cubic lattice. The bound...Figure 13.15 Part of the CSL produced from a c.c.p. lattice by a rotation of...Figure 13.16 Twin boundary in a monoclinic lattice. The boundary is normal t...Figure 13.17 Graphical representation of the total Burgers vector Bof the d...Figure 13.18 Maximum disorientation angles as a function of angle/axis descr...Figure 13.19 Grain boundary groove, seen in cross‐sectionFigure 13.20 A segment of an interface, OE , held in equilibrium by forces F xFigure 13.21 Two boundaries of the same twin joining at right angles to one ...Figure 13.22 The junction of the interfaces between three grains. Each inter...Figure 13.23 Twin boundary grooving, seen in cross‐sectionFigure 13.24 The γ‐ plot of Figure 13.5, showing the equilibrium s...Figure 13.25 Construction due to Herring [43]Figure 13.26 The same equilibrium shape as shown in Figure 13.24, arising fr...Figure 13.27 A surface that has reduced its energy by breaking up into facet...Figure 13.28 The instability of four interfaces meeting along a line through...Figure 13.29 (a) Truncated octahedron and (b) distorted truncated octahedron...Figure 13.30 The Weaire–Phelan foam structure. The individual cells within t...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 A particle of a phase B situated at a grain boundary of the phas...Figure 14.2 Interface between two orthorhombic crystals. The interface is no...Figure 14.3 Energy of a boundary of the type shown in Figure 14.2, between t...Figure 14.4 Epitaxy of Ag deposited on (001) of NaCl: (a) observed orientati...Figure 14.5 Superposition of nets representing atoms in unrelaxed (110) b.c....Figure 14.6 A strained epitaxial layer in the (001) orientation. The in‐plan...Figure 14.7 The relaxed region with lateral dimension mh around a misfit dis...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 The {111} pole figure of electrolytic copper rolled to 96.6% red...Figure 15.2 (a) Standard stereographic projection in the (110) orientation s...Figure 15.3 Spatial representation of the half‐maximum density of the ODF re...Figure 15.4 Definition of the orientation of a crystallite in rolled sheet b...