Anthony Kelly - Crystallography and Crystal Defects

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 (a) Construction of a Voronoi polygon in two dimensions. (b) A po...Figure 4.2 Para ‐azoxyanisole (PAA)Figure 4.3 A sketch of the molecular arrangements in the three classes of li...Figure 4.4 Schematics of the three types of distortion of a nematic mesophas...Figure 4.5 The five Platonic solids. Left‐hand column: the solids. Centre co...Figure 4.6 Packing of equal‐sized spheres into an icosahedral arrangement. T...Figure 4.7 The crystal structure of MoAl 12. This figure is derived from Figu...Figure 4.8 The microstructure of a foam made from an Al − 9 wt% Si alloy con...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 The relationship between a set of orthonormal axes ( Ox 1, Ox 2, Ox 3Figure 5.2 The general tensorial relationship between an electrical field E...Figure 5.3 Derivation of the magnitude of the conductivity in a particular d...Figure 5.4 The representation ellipsoid.Figure 5.5 The radius–normal property of a representation ellipsoid.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 (a) Definition of extension. (b) Definition of shearFigure 6.2 Distortion of a body in two dimensions. Points P and Q move to P ′...Figure 6.3 Distortion in two dimensions of a rectangular element at P . Two s...Figure 6.4 Imposition of a rigid body rotation ω to enable a relative d...Figure 6.5 The geometrical interpretation of Eq. (6.9) for e 12and e 21Figure 6.6 Distortion of a unit cube whose edges are parallel to the princip...Figure 6.7 The force f acting on a small area δA in a plane surrounding...Figure 6.8 Definition of stress components (a) in Cartesian coordinates and ...Figure 6.9 Calculation of the stress acting on the plane ABC Figure 6.10 Stresses acting on one face of a cube of side 2 δ in a varyi...Figure 6.11 A shear stress at the point PFigure 6.12 If σ 3is the largest principal stress and σ 1is the smallest, th...Figure 6.13 Orthonormal ‘old’ and ‘new’ sets of axes related to one another ...Figure 6.14 Orthonormal ‘old’ and ‘new’ sets of axes related to one another ...Figure 6.15 Orthonormal ‘old’ and ‘new’ sets of axes related to one another ...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Illustration of the process of glide. Blocks 1, 2 and 3 in a crys...Figure 7.2 Schematic diagram of glide occurring in the direction βin a...Figure 7.3 Schematic diagram of the fine structure observed in slip lines in...Figure 7.4 Macroscopic measurement of the amount of glide in a crystalFigure 7.5 Illustration of the inherent centrosymmetric nature of the simple...Figure 7.6 Pencil glide, also known as wavy glide. Here, the slip direction Figure 7.7 Illustration of simple shear in two dimensions: (a) before shear ...Figure 7.8 Simple shear in three dimensions. Here, a point P relative to O m...Figure 7.9 A small simple shear deformation e ijis equivalent to a pure stra...Figure 7.10 The strains produced by the physically different slip systems [ Figure 7.11 Schematic diagram to illustrate that the cubic crystal in (a) sl...Figure 7.12 Deformation in tension of a single crystal. Glide is presumed to...Figure 7.13 Standard stereogram of a c.c.p. metal crystal which glides on {1...Figure 7.14 A unit triangle of the standard stereogram of a hexagonal crysta...Figure 7.15 The 001–011– stereographic triangle for a b.c.c. metal crystal ...Figure 7.16 Nomenclature for the various {111} slip planes for a c.c.p. sing...Figure 7.17 Change in orientation during a glide operation if there is no la...Figure 7.18 Changes in orientation of c.c.p. metal crystals during glide. Th...Figure 7.19 Compression of a single crystal between plates

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 A screw dislocation in a primitive cubic latticeFigure 8.2 Primitive cubic lattice after the screw dislocation in Figure 8.1...Figure 8.3 An edge dislocation in a primitive cubic latticeFigure 8.4 A mixed dislocation, DD′, in a primitive cubic latticeFigure 8.5 Atom positions around an edge dislocation in a simple cubic cryst...Figure 8.6 Schematics of a screw dislocation in a simple cubic crystal (a) l...Figure 8.7 A Burgers circuit around an edge dislocation in a simple cubic cr...Figure 8.8 Schematic of a closed dislocation loop in a simple cubic crystal...Figure 8.9 The motion of a dislocation DD ' in the direction represented ...Figure 8.10 The dislocation loop shown in (a) can glide so that its area pro...Figure 8.11 (a) Production of a prismatic dislocation loop by punching. (b) ...Figure 8.12 An edge dislocation in a region of general stress σ showing...Figure 8.13 Strain due to a screw dislocation lying along the z ‐axisFigure 8.14 Stress due to a screw dislocation along the z ‐axis acting on a s...Figure 8.15 The relationship between the x 1‐ and x 2‐axes, r and θ for a...Figure 8.16 Schematic of a screw dislocation in a simple cubic crystal looki...Figure 8.17 Plot of Eq. (8.28)Figure 8.18 A screw dislocation of twice the width of the one shown in Figur...Figure 8.19 Dislocation multiplicationFigure 8.20 Force between parallel edge dislocations on slip planes a distan...Figure 8.21 Orthogonal screw dislocations, a perpendicular distance d apart...Figure 8.22 A jog QR on a dislocation PQRS where PQ and RS have screw disloc...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 An edge dislocation formed by making a cut in a cylinder and then...Figure 9.2 A dislocation reaction in which two dislocations combine to form ...Figure 9.3 Forces on a small segment of a dislocation loop in equilibriumFigure 9.4 A dislocation line being extruded between obstacles a distance l ...Figure 9.5 Forces acting on a small curved segment of a dislocation when acc...Figure 9.6 A perfect dislocation on a (111) plane of a c.c.p. metal which ha...Figure 9.7 (a) Faulted vacancy loop in a c.c.p. metal, showing traces of the...Figure 9.8 Thompson's tetrahedron. (After Thompson [15]).Figure 9.9 The vector relationship between the Burgers vectors of a Shockley...Figure 9.10 The dissociation of a perfect dislocation CB into two partial di...Figure 9.11 Reaction of two dislocations on a common slip plane. The disloca...Figure 9.12 Same reaction as Figure 9.11 but showing splitting into partials...Figure 9.13 Lomer–Cottrell lockFigure 9.14 Formation of a stacking fault tetrahedron from a Frank vacancy l...Figure 9.15 Hirth lockFigure 9.16 Relation between slip planes and directions in {110} or {110} Figure 9.17 Edge dislocation in NaCl. The slip plane and the two sheets of i...Figure 9.18 Edge dislocation in NaCl viewed in a different section to that s...Figure 9.19 Atoms and lattice vectors in a hexagonal metalFigure 9.20 Two possible structures for a vacancy loop in a hexagonal metal...Figure 9.21 A slip systemFigure 9.22 Relation between slip planes and directions in slipFigure 9.23 A ball model of the {110} planes in a b.c.c. metalFigure 9.24 Double kink in a dislocation line. The dotted lines represent po...Figure 9.25 A 60° dislocation in sphalerite. The structure of a 60° dislocat...Figure 9.26 Stacking fault in a silicon film. Point O lies at the bottom sur...Figure 9.27 Atoms and lattice vectors in the basal plane of graphiteFigure 9.28 A schematic side view of a split 60° dislocation in graphite. At...Figure 9.29 Reaction between partial dislocations on adjacent planes in grap...