Jennifer Clapp - Food

Adam Sneyd, Cotton

Bill Winders, Grains

Third edition

JENNIFER CLAPP

polity

Copyright © Jennifer Clapp 2020

First edition published in 2012 by Polity Press

Second edition published in 2016 by Polity Press

This third edition first published in 2020 by Polity Press

The right of Jennifer Clapp to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published in 2020 by Polity Press

Polity Press

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Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK

Polity Press

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Medford, MA 02155, USA

All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-4178-2

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Clapp, Jennifer, 1963- author.

Title: Food / Jennifer Clapp.

Other titles: Resources (Polity Press)

Description: 3rd edition | Medford, MA : Polity, 2020. | Series: Resources series | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “New edition of the leading introduction to the global food trade”-- Provided by publisher.

Identifiers: LCCN 2019050906 (print) | LCCN 2019050907 (ebook) | ISBN 9781509541768 (hardback) | ISBN 9781509541775 (paperback) | ISBN 9781509541782 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Food supply--Economic aspects. | Agriculture--Economic aspects. | Agricultural industries.

Classification: LCC HD9000.5 .C545 2020 (print) | LCC HD9000.5 (ebook) | DDC 338.1/9--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019050906LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019050907

The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.

Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.

For further information on Polity, visit our website: politybooks.com

For my students, past and present, from whom I have learned a great deal.

I owe enormous gratitude to many people for their assistance and support as I wrote this third edition and earlier versions of this book. Special thanks go to Rachel McQuail, who provided outstanding research and editorial assistance throughout the project. Thanks are also due to Taarini Chopra, Brittney Martin, Tomas Szuchewycz, and Linda Swanston who provided invaluable research assistance on earlier editions. For very helpful discussion of ideas and positive encouragement during the course of writing and revising this and previous editions, I am also grateful to Kim Burnett, Andrea Collins, Peter Dauvergne, Andres Garcia, Matt Gaudreau, Derek Hall, Eric Helleiner, Lucy Hinton, Ryan Isakson, Genevieve LeBaron, Sarah J. Martin, Sophia Murphy, Navin Ramankutty, Sarah-Louise Ruder, Theresa Schumilas, Caitlin Scott, Steffanie Scott, Gyorgy Scrinis, Phoebe Stephens, Helena Shilomboleni, Boyd Swinburn, Beth Timmers, Wesley Tourangeau, Tim Wise, and Hannah Wittman. I am grateful to the School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability at the University of Waterloo, and the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies at the University of British Columbia, for providing infrastructural support as I completed this most recent edition. My children, Zoe and Nels, and my partner, Eric, deserve a medal for listening to me go on about the world food economy at the dinner table and for putting up with me while I worked long hours to complete this book. I would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive and insightful feedback and suggestions on this and previous editions. For their enthusiasm and for shepherding this project through the publications process, I am grateful to Louise Knight, Inès Boxman, and Susan Beer at Polity Press. And last, but not least, I also owe thanks to all of my “foodie” students for their inspiration over the years – the ideas we discussed in the various versions of food and agriculture-related courses I taught at both Trent University and the University of Waterloo over the past two decades have had immeasurable influence on my thinking and analysis on this topic. I take sole responsibility for any errors or omissions.

Waterloo, Ontario

ABCDArcher Daniels Midland, Bunge, Cargill, and Louis DreyfusADMArcher Daniels MidlandAGRAAlliance for a Green Revolution in AfricaAoAUruguay Round Agreement on AgricultureBIOBiotechnology Innovation OrganizationBtBacillus thuringiensisCAPEuropean Community Common Agricultural PolicyCFSCommittee on World Food SecurityCFTCCommodity Futures Trading CommissionCGIARConsultative Group on International Agricultural ResearchCIFCommodity index fundCIMMYTInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement CenterCOFCOChina’s Government-Controlled Agricultural Commodity Trading FirmCRConcentration RatioCRISPRClustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeatsECEuropean CommunityETC GroupErosion, Technology and Concentration GroupETFExchange traded fundEUEuropean UnionFACFood Aid ConventionFAOFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFDIForeign direct investmentFIANFoodFirst Information and Action NetworkFLOFairtrade Labelling OrganizationG8Group of EightG20Group of 20 (leading economies)G-20WTO Group of 20 (agriculture)G-33WTO Group of 33 (agriculture)GATTGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDPGross domestic productGHGGreenhouse gasGMGenetically modifiedGMOsGenetically modified organismsGPSGlobal Positioning SystemIADPIntensive Agricultural Development ProgramIATPInstitute for Agriculture and Trade PolicyIFADInternational Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFIInternational Financial InstitutionIFPRIInternational Food Policy Research InstituteIMFInternational Monetary FundIPIntellectual propertyIPCInternational Planning CommitteeIPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPES FoodInternational Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food SystemsIRRIInternational Rice Research InstituteISAAAInternational Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech ApplicationsLDCsLeast Developed CountriesNAFTANorth American Free Trade AgreementNAMANorth American Millers’ AssociationNDCsNationally Determined ContributionsNGONon-Governmental OrganizationODAOfficial Development AssistanceOECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOPECOrganization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesOTCOver-the-CounterPANPesticide Action NetworkPCBsPolychlorinated biphenylsPLPublic LawPOPsPersistent organic pollutantsPRAIPrinciples for Responsible Agricultural InvestmentPRIAFSThe Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food SystemsRSPORoundtable on Sustainable Palm OilRTRSRound Table on Responsible SoySAPStructural adjustment programSDGsSustainable Development GoalsSDTSpecial and Differential TreatmentSPSpecial ProductsSPSAgreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary MeasuresSSMSpecial Safeguard MechanismTNCTransnational corporationTPPTrans-Pacific PartnershipTRIPSTrade Related Intellectual Property Rights AgreementUNCTADUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUSAIDUnited States Agency for International DevelopmentUSDAUnited States Department of AgricultureUSMCAUS–Mexico–Canada free trade agreementUSTRUnited States Trade RepresentativeVGGTVoluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food SecurityWARDAWest African Rice Development AssociationWFPWorld Food ProgrammeWTOWorld Trade Organization