George Domingo - Semiconductor Basics

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 A simple photoconductor consists of a semiconductor with two con...Figure 13.2 Radiation shining on a reversed‐biased diode creates an electron...Figure 13.3 The PIN diode structure consist of a p‐ and an n‐region separate...Figure 13.4 Both MASERs and LASERs work with the idea that electrons that ar...Figure 13.5 In a coherent light (left) all the waves A, B, and C are exactly...Figure 13.6 The beam of light bounces inside the cavity with one fully refle...Figure 13.7 A ruby LASER in a reflective cavity surrounded by a light coil t...Figure 13.8 The internal voltage for a degenerate semiconductor diode is lar...Figure 13.9 On the left we have a highly doped pn‐junction. When we forward ...Figure 13.10 In a LASER semiconductor, the reflective properties of the tran...Figure 13.11 Some methods to confine the beam inside the semiconductor cavit...Figure 13.12 Typical system for LASER scanning.Figure 13.13 The spontaneous recombination of electrons and holes at the jun...Figure 13.14 A typical detector readout array with as many inputs as detecto...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Basic components and interconnections of a modern computer.Figure 14.2 Memories in a typical laptop. The closer the memories are to the...Figure 14.3 Symbol for the ALU.Figure 14.4 The CPU processes an operation sequentially and when it finishes...Figure 14.5 The main components of an LCD. The liquid crystal is in the midd...Figure 14.6 Molecule of a liquid crystal consisting of two hexagonal benzene...Figure 14.7 The three phases of a liquid crystal: solid at 0 °C, liquid crys...Figure 14.8 The liquid crystal molecules align themselves with the two conta...Figure 14.9 A partial matrix of CMOS switches that turn ON and OFF each of t...Figure 14.10 A partial array showing, not to scale, the portions of the poly...Figure 14.11 Top: a pair of polarizers, A and B. Both are polarized in the s...Figure 14.12 The transistor of the red pixel is OFF, scattering the light in...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Analogue computer at Northwestern University in the 1960s with D...Figure 15.2 Dr. Gordon Moore, past CEO of Intel, most famous for Moore’s law...Figure 15.3 The number of transistors in a millimeter square space as a func...Figure 15.4 The growth of the number of transistors in an integrated chip be...Figure 15.5 Processor growth in the last 40 yearsFigure 15.6 A FET and some designs rules that are needed to ensure that key ...Figure 15.7 Sketch of an optical projection system (left) and the resulting ...Figure 15.8 Crystallographic structures of carbon in the graphite state (A a...Figure 15.9 An IBM quantum computer.Figure 15.10 An n‐MOS and p‐MOS fabricated on top of an insulating substrate...Figure 15.11 In a vertical integration process we deposit more than one laye...Figure 15.12 An example of multiple metallic layer interconnects.Figure 15.13 Sketch of a FinFET. The semiconductor is a very thin vertical s...Figure 15.14 The tunnel FET and energy bands when the TFET is reversed biase...

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2 Table of Contents

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George Domingo

Berkeley

CA, USA

This edition first published 2020

© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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The right of George Domingo to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.