Johannes Karl Fink - Flame Retardants

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page This edition first published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2020 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com . All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions . Wiley Global Headquarters 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com . Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchant-ability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-1-119-75061-1 Cover image: Pixabay.Com Cover design by Russell Richardson

4 Preface Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I am indebted to our university librarians, Dr. Christian Hasenhüttl, Margit Keshmiri, Friedrich Scheer, Christian Slamenik, Renate Tschabuschnig, and Elisabeth Groß for support in literature acquisition. I also want to express my gratitude to all the scientists who have carefully published their results concerning the topics dealt with herein. This book could not have been otherwise compiled. Last, but not least, I want to thank the publisher, Martin Scrivener, for his abiding interest and help in the preparation of the text. In addition, my thanks go to Jean Markovic, who made the final copyedit with utmost care. Johannes Fink Leoben, May 6, 2020

5 1 Types of Flame Retardants 1.1 History of Organic Flame Retardants 1.2 Commercially Available Flame Retardants 1.3 Chlorine-Containing Materials 1.4 Bromine-Containing Materials 1.5 Phosphorus Flame Retardants 1.6 Boron Additives 1.7 Silicones 1.8 Molybdenum Compounds 1.9 Graphenes 1.10 Flame Retardant Fillers 1.11 Admixed Additives 1.12 Bound Additives References

6 2 Mechanisms of Flame Retardants 2.1 Flame Cooling of Halogens 2.2 Halogen-Free Flame Retardants 2.3 Benzoxazine Resin with Triazine Structure References

7 3 Dripping Inhibitors 3.1 Measurement Methods 3.2 Materials References

8 4 Smoke Suppressants 4.1 Materials 4.2 Special Applications References

9 5 Standards and Testing 5.1 Abbreviation Standard for Chemicals 5.2 Test Procedures 5.3 Hazard Assessment 5.4 Standards 5.5 Life Cycle Sustainability of Flame Retardants References

10 6 Synthesis and Fabrication Methods 6.1 3D Printing 6.2 Mechanochemical Phosphorylation 6.3 Coating Methods 6.3.1 Reactive Coating 6.3.2 Bulk Addition 6.4 Recycling References

11 7 Examples of Polymers 7.1 Poly(amides) 7.2 Nylons 7.3 Poly(phenylene ether) Resins 7.4 Brominated Poly(phenylene ether) 7.5 Unsaturated Poly(ester)s 7.6 Epoxide Resins 7.7 Poly(carbonate) 7.8 Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Polymers 7.9 Silicones 7.10 Foams 7.11 Nanocomposites 7.12 Cellulosic Materials References

12 8 Special Uses 8.1 Textiles 8.2 Flame Retardant Wool 8.3 Compositions for Asphalt and Bitumen 8.4 Batteries References

13 Index Acronyms Chemicals General Index

14 Also of Interest Check out these other books by the author published by Scrivener Publishing

15 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Limiting oxygen index of selected materials (9–11).Table 1.2 Bromine-, chlorine- and phosphate-containing flame retardants (7).Table 1.3 Commercially available flame retardants (32).Table 1.4 Sample types for analysis (45).Table 1.5 Cyclic phosphazene compounds (54).Table 1.6 Elemental analysis of the residual char (61).Table 1.7 LOI values and UL-94 rating of the composites (115).Table 1.8 Properties of tannic acid compositions (137).Table 1.9 Effectiveness of graphene nanoplatelets (156).Table 1.10 Flame retardant fillers (201).Table 1.11 Halogenated flame retardants (202).Table 1.12 Sulfonic salt flame retardants (202).Table 1.13 Organic phosphate compounds (202).Table 1.14 Nitrogen-phosphate compounds (202).Table 1.15 Inorganic salts (202, 203).Table 1.16 Bound additives.Table 1.17 Compounds for flame retardant resin composition (219).

2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Pyrolysis compounds from carrageenan (16).

3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Char yields for ABS, chlorinated PVC, and FeOOH (19).Table 4.2 LOI and SDR of the compounds.Table 4.3 Char residue of various compositions (38).

4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Abbreviations of functional groups (1).Table 5.2 Examples of practical abbreviations (PRABs) (2).Table 5.3 Tested flame retardants (10).Table 5.4 Standards for testing flame retardants.Table 5.5 Terms and definitions (50).

5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Cone calorimetry test and LOI results (1).

6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Patent literature with chlorinated and brominated flame retardants.Table 7.2 Patent literature with brominated flame retardants.Table 7.3 Foamed flame retardant poly(phenylene ether) compositions (39).Table 7.4 Phosphorus-containing monomers (52).Table 7.5 Results of combustion tests for EPS foams (66).

7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 TGA test results of SARA fractions in air (36).Table 8.2 TGA test results of different halogen-free flame retardants in air ...Table 8.3 Characteristic temperatures of SARA fractions before and after addi...Table 8.4 Non-flammable grade of materials (30).Table 8.5 Flame retardants for electrolytes.

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 HET acid.Figure 1.2 Dechlorane Plus.Figure 1.3 Chlordene.Figure 1.4 Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate.Figure 1.5 Components in Firemaster® (40).Figure 1.6 Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate.Figure 1.7 1,3-Hydrogen shift (42).Figure 1.8 1,3,5-Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-2,4,6-trioxohexahydrotriazine.Figure 1.9 2,4,6-Tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine.Figure 1.10 Pentabromodiphenyl ether.Figure 1.11 Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate).Figure 1.12 Synthesis of