Ned Mohan - Analysis and Control of Electric Drives

10 INDEX

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1 Chapter 2 TABLE 2-1 Drag Force and the Power Required TABLE 2-2 Torque–Current Analogy

2 Chapter 5TABLE 5-1 dc‐Motor Drive System

3 Chapter 15TABLE 15-1 Various Operating Modes of DFIG

4 Chapter 16TABLE 16-1 Effect of Voltage Vector on the Stator Flux‐Linkage Vector in Sect...

1 Chapter 1 Fig. 1-1 Block diagrams of (a) electric machines and (b) electric drives (mo... Fig. 1-2 Electric drive for wind generators. Fig. 1-3 Primary energy consumption by end‐use sector in the United States i... Fig. 1-4 Traditional and ASD‐based flow control systems. Fig. 1-5 Energy usage in (a) residential sector and (b) commercial sector. Fig. 1-6 Need for controlling the electromagnetic torque T em. Fig. 1-7 Power and speed range of electric drives. Fig. P1-5 Plot of C pas a function of λ [6].

2 Chapter 2 Fig. 2-1 Block diagram of adjustable speed drives. Fig. 2-2 (a) Electric drive system and (b) example of a load‐speed profile r... Fig. 2-3 Motion of a mass M due to the action of forces. Fig. 2-4 (a) Pivoted lever and (b) holding torque for the lever. Fig. 2-5 Torque in an electric motor. Fig. 2-6 Calculation of the inertia, J cyl, of a solid cylinder. Fig. 2-7 Motor and load torque interaction with a rigid coupling. Fig. 2-8 Speed, torque, and angle variations with time. Fig. 2-9 Torque, work, and power. Fig. 2-10 Actual and linearized friction characteristics. Fig. 2-11 Motor and load‐torque interaction with a rigid coupling. Fig. 2-12 Electrical analogy: (a) shaft of finite stiffness and (b) shaft of... Fig. 2-13 (a) Electrical equivalent and (b) torque and speed variation. Fig. 2-14 Combination of rotary and linear motion. Fig. 2-15 Gear mechanism for coupling the motor to the load. Fig. 2-16 (a) Electric drive and (d) four-quadrant operation. Fig. P2-10 Lead‐screw system.

3 Chapter 3 Fig. 3-1 (a and b) Magnetic field and (c) Ampere’s Law. Fig. 3-2 Toroid. Fig. 3-3 B‐H characteristics of ferromagnetic materials. Fig. 3-4 Toroid with flux ϕ m. Fig. 3-5 Magnetic structure with air gap. Fig. 3-6 Coil inductance. Fig. 3-7 Rectangular toroid. Fig. 3-8 Voltage polarity and direction of flux and current. Fig. 3-9 Waveforms of flux and induced voltage. Fig. 3-10 Voltage, current, and flux. Fig. 3-11 (a) Magnetic and leakage fluxes and (b) equivalent representation ...Fig. 3-12 (a) Circuit representation and (b) leakage inductance separated fr...Fig. 3-13 Motor construction: (a) “cut” perpendicular to the shaft‐axis and ...Fig. 3-14 Structure of machines.Fig. 3-15 Production of a magnetic field.Fig. 3-16 Electric force on a current‐carrying conductor in a magnetic field...Fig. 3-17 Figure for Example 3-9.Fig. 3-18 Conductor moving in a magnetic field.Fig. 3-19 Figure for Example 3-10.Fig. 3-20 Motoring mode.Fig. 3-21 Regenerative braking mode.Fig. 3-22 Power losses and energy efficiency.Fig. P3-9 Problem 3‐9.Fig. P3-10 Problem 3‐10.Fig. P3-11 Problem 3‐11.Fig. P3-12 Problem 3‐12.Fig. P3-13 Problem 3‐13.Fig. P3-14 Problem 3‐14.Fig. P3-15 Problem 3‐15.Fig. P3-16 Problem 3‐16.Fig. P3-17 Problem 3‐17.

4 Chapter 4Fig. 4-1 Voltage‐link system.Fig. 4-2 Switch mode converters for (a) dc‐ and (b) ac‐machine drives.Fig. 4-3 Switching power‐pole as the building block in converters.Fig. 4-4 PWM of the switching power‐pole.Fig. 4-5 Bidirectional power flow through a switching power‐pole.Fig. 4-6 Bidirectional switching power‐pole.Fig. 4-7 Switching‐cycle‐averaged representation of the bidirectional power‐...Fig. 4-8 Waveforms for PWM in a switching power‐pole.Fig. 4-9 Switching power‐pole and its duty‐ratio control.Fig. 4-10 Harmonics in the output of a switching power‐pole.Fig. 4-11 Converter for a dc‐motor drive.Fig. 4-12 Switching‐cycle‐averaged representation of the converter for dc dr...Fig. 4-13 Gain of the converter for dc drives.Fig. 4-14 Switching voltage waveforms in a converter for dc drive.Fig. 4-15 Currents defined in the converter for dc‐motor drives.Fig. 4-16 Superposition of dc and ripple‐frequency variables.Fig. 4-17 Switching current waveforms in Example 4-3.Fig. 4-18 Waveforms of a switching power‐pole to synthesize low‐frequency ac...Fig. 4-19 Three‐phase converter.Fig. 4-20 Switching‐cycle‐averaged output voltages in a three‐phase converte...Fig. 4-21 Switching‐cycle‐averaged voltages due to Sine‐PWM.Fig. 4-22 Switching waveforms in Example 4-4.Fig. 4-23 MOSFET characteristics.Fig. 4-24 IGBT symbol and characteristics.Fig. 4-25 Block diagram of a gate‐drive circuit.Fig. 4-26 Real‐time full‐bridge converter pulse‐width modulation.Fig. 4-27 Full‐bridge converter output voltage and output current.

5 Chapter 5Fig. 5-1 Feedback‐controlled drive.Fig. 5-2 Exploded view of a dc motorFig. 5-3 dc motor equivalent circuit.Fig. 5-4 (a) Torque‐speed characteristics and (b) V aversus ω m.Fig. 5-5 Simplified control system representation.Fig. 5-6 (a) Phase margin and (b) bandwidth.Fig. 5-7 (a) Gain magnitude of a first‐order system open loop, (b) the gain ...Fig. 5-8 Cascade control of a motor drive.Fig. 5-9 (a) Switch‐mode converter for motor drives, (b) average model of th...Fig. 5-10 dc motor and mechanical load: (a) equivalent circuit and (b) block...Fig. 5-11 PI controller.Fig. 5-12 Design of the torque control loop.Fig. 5-13 Frequency response of the current loop: (a) open loop and (b) clos...Fig. 5-14 Block diagram of the speed loop.Fig. 5-15 Speed loop response: (a) open loop and (b) closed loop.Fig. 5-16 Block diagram of position loop.Fig. 5-17 Position loop response: (a) open‐loop and (b) closed loop.Fig. 5-18 Control system with feed‐forward.Fig. 5-19 (a) Limits on the PI controller and (b) PI with anti‐windup.Fig. 5-20 Real‐time dc motor speed control.Fig. 5-21 Hardware speed control.Fig. P5-12 Speed controller.

6 Chapter 6Fig. 6-1 Magnetic axes of the three phases in a 2‐pole machine.Fig. 6-2 Sinusoidally distributed winding for phase‐ a .Fig. 6-3 Calculation of air gap field distribution.Fig. 6-4 Developed view of the field distribution in the air gap.Fig. 6-5 Paths corresponding to Example 6-1.Fig. 6-6 Phase a of a 4‐pole machine.Fig. 6-7 Three‐phase windings.Fig. 6-8 Waveforms of flux density.Fig. 6-9 Representation of MMF space vector in a machine.Fig. 6-10 (a) Resultant flux‐density space vector and (b) flux‐density distr...Fig. 6-11 (a) Phase voltages and currents and (b) physical interpretation of...Fig. 6-12 (a) Stator current space vector and (b) the equivalent winding.Fig. 6-13 Phase components of a space vector.Fig. 6-14 (a) Windings, (b) magnetizing currents, and (c) rotating mmf space...Fig. 6-15 Example 6-7.Fig. 6-16 Relationship between space vectors and phasors in balanced sinusoi...Fig. 6-17 Winding current and induced emf: (a) individual windings, (b) phas...Fig. 6-18 Example 6.8.