George Acquaah - Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding

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The revised edition of the bestselling textbook, covering both classical and molecular plant breeding Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding Now in its third edition, this essential textbook contains extensively revised content that reflects recent advances and current practices. Substantial updates have been made to its molecular genetics and breeding sections, including discussions of new breeding techniques such as zinc finger nuclease, oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis, RNA-dependent DNA methylation, reverse breeding, genome editing, and others. A new table enables efficient comparison of an expanded list of molecular markers, including Allozyme, RFLPs, RAPD, SSR, ISSR, DAMD, AFLP, SNPs and ESTs. Also, new and updated “Industry Highlights” sections provide examples of the practical application of plant breeding methods to real-world problems. This new edition:
Organizes topics to reflect the stages of an actual breeding project Incorporates the most recent technologies in the field, such as CRSPR genome edition and grafting on GM stock Includes numerous illustrations and end-of-chapter self-assessment questions, key references, suggested readings, and links to relevant websites Features a companion website containing additional artwork and instructor resources 
offers researchers and professionals an invaluable resource and remains the ideal textbook for advanced undergraduates and graduates in plant science, particularly those studying plant breeding, biotechnology, and genetics.

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Table 1.4Selected milestones in plant breeding.

9000 BCE First evidence of plant domestication in the hills above the Tigris river.
3000 BCE Domestication of all important food crops in the Old World completed.
1000 BCE Domestication of all important food crops in the New World completed.
700 BCE Assyrians and Babylonians hand pollinate date palm.
1694 Camerarius of Germany first to demonstrate sex in plants and suggested crossing as a method to obtain new plant types.
1716 Mather of USA observed natural crossing in maize.
1719 Fairchild created first artificial hybrid (Carnation × Sweet William).
1727 Vilmorin Company of France introduced the pedigree method of breeding.
1753 Linnaeus published “Species Plantarum.” Binomial nomenclature born.
1761–1766 Koelreuter of Germany demonstrated that hybrid offspring received traits from both parents and were intermediate in most traits; produced first scientific hybrid using tobacco.
1847 Reid's Yellow Dent maize developed.
1866 Mendel published his discoveries in “Experiments in plant hybridization,” cumulating in the formulation of laws of inheritance and discovery of unit factors (genes).
1899 Hopkins described the ear‐to‐row selection method of breeding in maize.
1900 Mendel's laws of heredity rediscovered independently by Correns of Germany, DeVries of Holland, and von Tschermak of Austria.
1903 Danish biologist Johannsen developed the pure‐line theory of selection.
1904–1905 Nilsson‐Ehle proposed the multiple factor explanation for inheritance of color in wheat pericarp.
1908–1909 Hardy of England and Weinberg of Germany developed the law of equilibrium of populations.
1908–1910 East published his work on inbreeding.
1909 Shull conducted extensive research to develop inbreds to produce hybrids.
1917 Jones developed first commercial hybrid maize.
1926 Pioneer Hi‐bred Corn Company established as first seed company.
1934 Dustin discovered colchicines.
1935 Vavilov published “The scientific basis of plant breeding.”
1940 Harlan used the bulk breeding selection method in breeding.
1944 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty discovered DNA is hereditary material.
1945 Hull proposed recurrent selection method of breeding.
1950 McClintock discovered the Ac‐Ds system of transposable elements.
1953 Watson, Crick, and Wilkins proposed a model for the DNA structure.
1970 Borlaug received Nobel Prize for the Green Revolution.
Berg, Cohen, and Boyer introduced the recombinant DNA technology.
1994 FlavrSavr tomato developed as first GM food produced for the market.
1995 Bt corn developed.
1996 Roundup Ready soybeans introduced.
2004 Roundup Ready wheat developed.

1.12 The organization of the book

An effort has been made to organize this book such that the sequence of discussion of topics follows closely the sequence in conducting a plant breeding project. A plant breeding course, at the minimum, is usually an upper level course at the undergraduate level. It is assumed that a student taking a plant breeding course would have received prior instruction in basic biology, including genetics, botany, and physiology. A review of basic genetic principles is helpful to better understanding the material in this book and a plant breeding course in general. Sometimes, some of this basic material is reviewed as appropriate. In addition, some of the underlying science is presented in the appendix section of the book. A unique aspect of this book is the inclusion of manuscripts from industry professionals to highlight various chapters. The purpose is to show how the principles and concepts discussed in the chapter are applied in real‐life situations in crop improvement by professionals in industry or institutions of higher learning.

Key references and suggested reading

1 Baezinger, P.S. (2006). Plant breeding training in the U.S.A. HortScience 41: 28–29.

2 Baezinger, P.S., Russell, W.K., Graef, G.L., and Campbell, B.T. (2006). 50 years of crop breeding, genetics, and cytology. Crop Science 46: 2230–2244.

3 Bliss, F. (2006). Plant breeding in the private sector of North America. HortScience 41: 45–47.

4 Bliss, F.A. (2007). Education and preparation of plant breeders for careers in global crop improvement. Crop Science 47: 250–261.

5 Charles, D. and Wilcox, B. (2002). Lords of the Harvest: Biotechnology, Big Money and the Future of Food. Perseus Publishing.

6 Duvick, D.N. (1986). Plant breeding: past achievements and expectations for the future. Economic Botany 40: 289–297.

7 Frey, K.J. (1971). Improving crop yields through plant breeding. American Society of Agronomy Special Publications 20: 15–58.

8 Frey, K. 1996. National plant breeding study: I. Human and financial resources devoted to plant breeding research and development in the United States in 1994. Spec. Rep. No. 98. Iowa Agric. Home Economics Exp. Stn., Ames, IA.

9 Gepts, P. and Hancock, J. (2006). The future of plant breeding. Crop Science 46: 1630–1634.

10 Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R. et al. (2010). Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327: 812–818.

11 Hancock, J.F. (2006). Introduction to plant breeding and the public sector: who will train plant breeders in the U.S. and around the world? HortScience 41: 28–29.

12 Harlan, J.R. (1976). Plants and animals that nourish man. In: In Food and agriculture, A Scientific American Book. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company.

13 Heisey, P.W., Srinivasan, C.S., and Thirtle, C. 2011. Economic Research Service/USDA Public Sector Plant Breeding in a Privatizing World/AIB‐772

14 Khush, G.S. (2006). Plant breeding training in the international sector. HortScience 41: 48–49.

15 Muller, A., Schader, C., El‐Hage Scialabba, N. et al. (2017). Strategies for feeding the world more sustainably with organic agriculture. Nature Communications 8: 1290.

16 Plant breeding and genetics: The need for agricultural innovation to sustainably feed the world by 2050. CAST Issue Paper, 2017: 57

17 Shin, T. and Makoto, M. (2008). Genetic approaches to crop improvement: responding to environmental and population changes. Nature Reviews Genetics 9: 444–457.

18 Solheim, W.G. II (1972). An earlier agricultural revolution. Scientific American 226 (4): 34–41.

19 Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., and Befort, B.L. (2011). Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108: 20260–20264.

20 Traxler, G., Acquaye, A. K. A., Frey, K., and Thro, A. M. 2005. Public sector plant breeding resources in the US: Study results for the year 2001.

Internet resources for reference

http://www.csrees.usda.gov/nea/plants/in_focus/ptbreeding_if_study.html.

http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wehner/741/hs741hist.html– History of plant breeding.

http://www.cast-science.org/file.cfm/media/products/digitalproducts/CAST_IP57_Plant_Breeding_and_Geneti_3AD033F3C1763.pdf

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