Anil Bangalore Shivappa - An Illustrated Atlas of Tooth Carving and Wax-Up Techniques

1 Cover

2 Title Page An Illustrated Atlas of Tooth Carving and Wax‐Up Techniques Anil Bangalore Shivappa King Faisal University Al‐Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

3 Copyright Page

4 Preface

5 Acknowledgements

6 About the Companion Website

7 1 Introduction to Dental Anatomy Definition of Dental Anatomy Types of Human Dentition Arch Quadrants Dental Formula Tooth Notation References

8 2 Armamentarium Wax Block Lecron Carver Metallic Scale or Ruler Vernier Caliper Waxing Instruments Instrument Grasps References

9 Part I: Carving 3 Pre‐carving Preparation of Wax Blocks Smoothing the Wax Surface Division of Wax Block References 4 Anatomical Landmarks Crown Root/Radicular Part Median Line Aspect Surfaces Mamelons Cingulum Occlusal Table Cusp Ridge Marginal Ridges Triangular Ridge Transverse Ridge Oblique Ridge Buccal Ridge Labial Ridge Fossa Pits Cervical Line Root Trunk Root Furcation Furcal Region or Interradicular Space Root Apex Developmental Groove Central Groove Buccal Groove Lingual Grooves Supplemental Groove Line Angle Point Angle Crest of Contour References 5 Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor Permanent Maxillary Right Central Incisor Labial Aspect Mesial Aspect Carving from Proximal (Mesial or Distal) Aspect Palatal Aspect Carving from the Palatal Aspect Incisal Aspect Distal Aspect Root Carving References 6 Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisor Permanent Maxillary Right Lateral Incisor Labial Aspect Mesial Aspect Palatal Aspect Distal Aspect Incisal Aspect Root Carving References 7 Permanent Mandibular Central Incisor Permanent Mandibular Right Central Incisor Labial Aspect Mesial Aspect Lingual Aspect Distal Aspect Incisal Aspect Carving the Root References 8 Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisor Permanent Mandibular Right Lateral Incisor Labial Aspect Mesial Aspect Distal Aspect Carving from the Mesial Aspect Lingual Aspect Incisal Aspect References 9 Permanent Maxillary Canine Permanent Maxillary Right Canine Labial Aspect Mesial Aspect Distal Aspect Carving from the Mesial/Distal Aspect Palatal Aspect Incisal Aspect Carving the Root References 10 Permanent Mandibular Canine Permanent Mandibular Right Canine Labial Aspect Lingual Aspect Mesial Aspect Distal Aspect Incisal Aspect Carving the Permanent Mandibular Right Canine References 11 Permanent Maxillary First Premolar Permanent Maxillary Right First Premolar Buccal Aspect Palatal Aspect Mesial Aspect Distal Aspect Occlusal Aspect Carving the Root References 12 Permanent Maxillary Second Premolar Permanent Maxillary Right Second Premolar Buccal Aspect Palatal Aspect Mesial Aspect Distal Aspect Occlusal Aspect Carving the Root References 13 Permanent Mandibular First Premolar Permanent Mandibular Right First Premolar Buccal Aspect Mesial Aspect Lingual Aspect Distal Aspect Occlusal Aspect Carving the Root References 14 Permanent Mandibular Second Premolar Permanent Mandibular Right Second Premolar – Three‐Cusp Type Buccal Aspect Mesial Aspect Distal Aspect Lingual Aspect Occlusal Aspect Carving the Root References 15 Permanent Maxillary First Molar Permanent Maxillary Right First Molar Buccal Aspect Mesial Aspect Distal Aspect Palatal Aspect Occlusal Aspect Root Carving References 16 Permanent Maxillary Second Molar Permanent Maxillary Right Second Molar Buccal Aspect Mesial Aspect Palatal Aspect Distal Aspect Occlusal Aspect Carving the Root References 17 Permanent Mandibular First Molar Permanent Mandibular Right First Molar Buccal Aspect Lingual Aspect Mesial Aspect Distal Aspect Carving from the Mesial Aspect Occlusal Aspect Carving the Roots References 18 Permanent Mandibular Right Second Molar Permanent Mandibular Right Second Molar Buccal Aspect Mesial Aspect Distal Aspect Lingual Aspect Occlusal Aspect Root Carving References

10 Part II: Wax‐Up Technique 19 Waxing of the Maxillary Right Central Incisor Waxing the Labial Surface Waxing the Palatal Surface References 20 Waxing of the Permanent Mandibular Right Central Incisor Waxing the Labial Surface Waxing the Lingual Surface References 21 Waxing of the Permanent Maxillary Left Canine Waxing the Labial Surface Waxing the Palatal Surface References 22 Waxing of the Permanent Maxillary Left First Premolar References 23 Waxing of the Permanent Maxillary Right First Molar References 24 Waxing of the Permanent Mandibular Right First Molar References

11 Index

12 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Dental formula for deciduous dentition. Figure 1.2 Dental formula for permanent dentition. Figure 1.3 Universal system for primary dentition. Figure 1.4 Universal system for permanent dentition. Figure 1.5 Zsigmondy Palmer notation for primary dentition. Figure 1.6 Zsigmondy Palmer notation for permanent dentition. Figure 1.7 FDI system for primary dentition. Figure 1.8 FDI system for permanent dentition.

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Rectangular wax block used for carving human dentition. Figure 2.2 Parts of the Lecron carver. Figure 2.3 Edges of the knife end of the Lecron carver. Figure 2.4 Carving the slopes of the triangular ridge using the non‐cutting ... Figure 2.5 (a–d) Carving the developmental depression on the root portion us... Figure 2.6 Metallic scale with markings in centimetres. Figure 2.7 Vernier caliper. Figure 2.8 PKT instruments set. Figure 2.9 Pen grasp. Figure 2.10 Modified pen grasp used for holding the instruments.

3 Chapter 3 Figures 3.1–3.4 Technique to smooth wax block surface before the carving ste... Figures 3.5–3.8 Sequence of steps to divide the wax blocks before the actual...

4 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 (a–h) Anatomical landmarks of human permanent dentition. Figure 4.2 (a–h) Anatomical landmarks of human permanent dentition. Figure 4.3 (a–h) Anatomical landmarks of human permanent dentition. Figure 4.4 (a–h) Anatomical landmarks of human permanent dentition.

5 Chapter 5 Figure 5.1 Position of the maxillary central incisor in relation to the mids... Figure 5.2 (a‐d) Characteristic features of the crown and root of the maxill...Figure 5.3 (a–h) Measuring and marking the crown dimension and root length o...Figure 5.4 (a–h) Description of the right maxillary central incisor crown fr...Figure 5.5 (a–d) Measuring and marking the crown dimension on the mesial asp...Figure 5.6 (a–b) Description of the maxillary right central incisor from the...Figure 5.7 (a–g) Creating the palatal convergence.Figure 5.8 (a–h) Marking and carving the palatal fossa.Figure 5.9 (a–e) Description of the maxillary right incisor from the incisal...Figure 5.10 (a–b) Description of the maxillary right incisor from the distal...Figure 5.11 (a–r) Sequence of carving the root.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Location of the lateral incisor in relation to the midsagittal pl...Figure 6.2 (a–d) Characteristic features of the permanent maxillary right la...Figure 6.3 (a–d) Measuring and marking the length of the crown and root on t...Figure 6.4 (a–f) Descriptive features of the permanent maxillary right later...Figure 6.5 (a–f) Measuring and marking the dimension and outline of the crow...Figure 6.6 (a and b) Description of the permanent maxillary right lateral in...Figure 6.7 (a–d) Creating the palatal convergence of the crown. (e–m) Markin...Figure 6.8 (a–b) Drawing and carving the outline of the crown (Labial aspect...Figure 6.9 (a–b) Description of the permanent maxillary right lateral inciso...Figure 6.10 (a–b) Description of the permanent maxillary right lateral incis...Figure 6.11 (a–d) Step sequence to carve the root. (e–n) Step sequence to ca...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Position of the mandibular central incisor in relation to the mid...Figure 7.2 (a–d) Descriptive features of the permanent mandibular right cent...Figure 7.3 (a–h) Marking crown dimensions and root length on the labial surf...Figure 7.4 (a–c) Description of the permanent mandibular right central incis...Figure 7.5 (a–d) Measuring and marking the dimension of the crown on the mes...Figure 7.6 (a–l) Drawing the crown outline and carving excess wax from the l...Figure 7.7 (a–b) Description of the mandibular right central incisor from th...Figure 7.8 (a–g) Creating lingual convergence and carving the lingual fossa....Figure 7.9 (a–b) Description of the mandibular right central incisor crown f...Figure 7.10 (a–p) Carving the root of the permanent mandibular right central...