A Dictionary of British and Irish History

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Edited by

Robert Peberdy and Philip Waller

This edition first published 2021

© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd; © editorial matter and organisation Robert Peberdy and Philip Waller.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Robert Peberdy and Philip Waller to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Peberdy, Robert, editor. | Waller, P. J. (Philip J.), editor.

Title: A dictionary of British and Irish history / edited by Robert Bernard Peberdy and Philip John Waller.

Description: First edition. | Hoboken : Wiley, 2021.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020012769 (print) | LCCN 2020012770 (ebook) | ISBN 9780631201540 (cloth) | ISBN 9780631201557 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119698425 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119698449 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Great Britain–History–Encyclopedias. | Ireland–History–Encyclopedias.

Classification: LCC DA640 .D53 2020 (print) | LCC DA640 (ebook) | DDC 941.003–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020012769LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020012770

Cover design: Wiley

Cover images (top to bottom): Stonehenge, near Amesbury, Wiltshire, England, UK: John Evans/ShutterstockRock of Cashel, Co. Tipperary, Republic of Ireland: travelbild.com/Alamy Stock PhotoDugald Stewart Monument and Edinburgh skyline, Scotland, UK: Norbert Achtelik, MITO images GmbH/Alamy Stock PhotoPontcysyllte Aqueduct, Denbighshire, Wales, UK: Kelly Rann/Alamy Stock Photo

Readers who chance upon this work may wonder why its editors have created a reference book when so much information is now freely available through the Internet. The explanation is the editors’ conviction that the book remains an effective medium for the presentation and communication of knowledge.

The content of books represents the desire of editors and authors to communicate with particular readers and users, and to address their perceived interests or requirements. Long‐established facilities, namely the book trade, book reviews and libraries, enable them to reach intended audiences. The Internet, despite its advantages for many purposes, can be a sprawling, uncertain medium. Although authors of websites can communicate potentially with over 4 billion people, they cannot necessarily reach interested readers; publishing through a website is rather like posting an announcement in the hope that someone might notice it. This absence of channelled interaction tends to encourage authors to give unlimited expression to their own concerns and enthusiasms, rather than providing what an audience wants. Books have other advantages. Many people find that they can browse more easily through printed books than through electronically held material and can absorb content more effectively from print than from a screen.

All facets of A Dictionary of British and Irish History have been carefully designed for particular users and purposes. It is aimed, in the first instance, at history students in universities, colleges and schools, in Britain and Ireland and worldwide. Like all reference books, it provides items of information that may be required instantly, such as definitions of concepts and dates of births, deaths, treaties and battles. But it also offers further assistance. Two difficulties often encountered in studying historical topics are ascertaining essential elements and appreciating them within broader contexts. The latter problem occurs particularly when history is studied as ‘modules’ covering brief periods or narrow topics. This Dictionary provides numerous short synoptic entries on broad subjects from which students can quickly absorb basic subject‐matter and appreciate it as part of a larger story. The provision of extensive cross‐referencing also enables students to expand their learning immediately. Content is deliberately factual and chronological in emphasis, rather than analytical; and brevity necessarily excludes deeper matters such as causation, consequences and alternative theories. The production of short entries has inevitably required simplicity, ruthless selection of facts and sometimes sharp generalization. The editors hope that use of the Dictionary ’s entries will leave students with a clear grasp of basic information with which they can then tackle more detailed and discursive publications.