Carroll Quigley - Tragedy and Hope - A History of the World in Our Time

Table of Contents

Preface

I INTRODUCTION: WESTERN CIVILIZATION IN ITS WORLD SETTING

Cultural Evolution in Civilizations

Cultural Diffusion in Western Civilization

Europe’s Shift to the Twentieth Century

II WESTERN CIVILIZATION TO 1914

The Pattern of Change

European Economic Developments

The United States to 1917

III THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE TO 1917

IV THE BUFFER FRINGE

The Near East to 1914

The British Imperial Crisis: Africa, Ireland, and India to 1926

The Far East to World War I

V THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-1918

The Growth of International Tensions, 1871-1914

Military History, 1914-1918

Diplomatic History, 1914-1918

The Home Front, 1914-1918

VI THE VERSAILLES SYSTEM AND THE RETURN TO “NORMALCY,” 1919-1929

The Peace Settlements, 1919-1923

Security, 1919-1935

Disarmament, 1919-1935

Reparations, 1919-1932

VII FINANCE, COMMERCIAL POLICY, AND BUSINESS ACTIVITY, 1897-1947

Reflation and Inflation, 1897-1925

The Period of Stabilization, 1922-1930

The Period of Deflation, 1927-1936

Reflation and Inflation 1933-1947

VIII INTERNATIONAL SOCIALISM AND THE SOVIET CHALLENGE

The International Socialist Movement

The Bolshevik Revolution to 1924

Stalinism, 1924-1939

IX GERMANY FROM KAISER TO HITLER, 1913-1945

Introduction

The Weimar Republic

The Nazi Regime

X BRITAIN: THE BACKGROUND TO APPEASEMENT, 1900-1939

The Social and Constitutional Background

Political History to 1939

XI CHANGING ECONOMIC PATTERNS

Introduction

Great Britain

Germany

France

The United States of America

The Economic Factors

The Results of Economic Depression

The Pluralist Economy and World Blocs

XII THE POLICY OF APPEASMENT, 1931-1936

Introduction

The Japanese Assault, 1931-1941

The Italian Assault, 1934-1936

Circles and Countercircles, 1935-1939

The Spanish Tragedy, 1931-1939

XIII THE DISRUPTION OF EUROPE, 1937-1939

Austria Infelix, 1933-1938

The Czechoslovak Crisis, 1937-1938

The Year of Dupes, 1939

XIV. WORLD WAR II: THE TIDE OF AGGRESSION, 1939-1941

Introduction

The Battle of Poland, September 1939

The Sitzkrieg, September 1939-May 1940

The Fall of France (May-June 1940) and the Vichy Regime

The Battle of Britain, July-October 1940

The Mediterranean and Eastern Europe, June 1940-June 1941

American Neutrality and Aid to Britain

The Nazi Attack on Soviet Russia, 1941-1942

XV. WORLD WAR II: THE EBB OF AGGRESSION, 1941-1945

The Rising Sun in the Pacific, to 1942

The Turning Tide, 1942-1943: Midway, El Alamein, French Africa, and Stalingrad

Closing in on Germany, 1943-1945

Closing in on Japan, 1943-1945

XVI. THE NEW AGE

Introduction

Rationalization and Science

The Twentieth-Century Pattern

XVII. NUCLEAR RIVALRY AND THE COLD WAR: 1945-1950

The Factors

The Origins of the Cold War, 1945-1949

The Crisis in China, 1945-1950

American Confusions, 1945-1950

XVIII. NUCLEAR RIVALRY AND THE COLD WAR: 1950-1957

“Joe I” and the American Nuclear Debate, 1949-1954

The Korean War and Its Aftermath, 1950-1954

The Eisenhower Team, 1952-1956

The Rise of Khrushchev, 1953-1958

The Cold War in Eastern and Southern Asia, 1950-1957

XIX. THE NEW ERA 1957-1964

The Growth of Nuclear Stalemate

The Disintegrating Superblocs

The Eclipse of Colonialism

XX. TRAGEDY AND HOPE: THE FUTURE IN PERSPECTIVE

The Unfolding of Time

The United States and the Middle-Class Crisis

European Ambiguities

Conclusion

“The powers of financial capitalism had another far-reaching aim, nothing less than to create a world system of financial control in private hands able to dominate the political system of each country and the economy of the world as a whole. This system was to be controlled in a feudalistic fashion by the central banks of the world acting in concert, by secret agreements arrived at in frequent meetings and conferences. The apex of the systems was to be the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland, a private bank owned and controlled by the worlds central banks which were themselves private corporations. Each central bank...sought to dominate its government by its ability to control Treasury loans, to manipulate foreign exchanges, to influence the level of economic activity in the country, and to influence co-operative politicians by subsequent economic rewards in the business world.”

Carroll Quigley

BY CARROLL QUIGLEY

The Evolution of Civilizations

Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time

The Anglo-American Establishment

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TRAGEDY

AND

HOPE

A History of

THE WORLD

in Our Time

Carroll Quigley

First published in 1966 by

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, NEW YORK

COLLIER-MACMILLAN LIMITED, LONDON

Copyright © Carroll Quigley 1966

All rights reserved. No part of this book

may be reproduced or utilized in any form

or by any means, electronic or mechanical,

including photocopying, recording or by any

information storage and retrieval system,

without permission in writing from the Publisher.

First Printing

The Macmillan Company, New York

Collier-Macmillan Canada, Ltd., Toronto, Ontario

Library of Congress catalog card number: 65-13589

Printed in the United States of America

Second Printing 1974

By Wm. Morrison, Los Angeles, Calif.

With Permission of Carroll Quigley

Third Printing 1998

With Permission of William Morrison

By George S. Gabric

San Pedro, Calif. 90733

ISBN# 0-945001-10-X

© Copyright Pending

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Preface

The expression “contemporary history” is probably self-contradictory, because what is contemporary is not history, and what is history is not contemporary. Sensible historians usually refrain from writing accounts of very recent events because they realize that the source materials for such events, especially the indispensable official documents, are not available and that, even with the documentation which is available, it is very difficult for anyone to obtain the necessary perspective on the events of one’s own mature life. But I must clearly not be a sensible or, at least, an ordinary historian, for, having covered, in an earlier book, the whole of human history in a mere 271 pages, I now use more than 1300 pages for the events of a single lifetime. There is a connection here. It will be evident to any attentive reader that I have devoted long years of study and much original research, even where adequate documentation is not available, but it should be equally evident that whatever value this present work has rests on its broad perspective. I have tried to remedy deficiencies of evidence by perspective, not only by projecting the patterns of past history into the present and the future but also by trying to place the events of the present in their total context by examining all the varied aspects of these events, not merely the political and economic, as is so frequently done, but by my efforts to bring into the picture the military, technological, social, and intellectual elements as well.