Mount Sinai Expert Guides

1 Cover

2 Title Page MOUNT SINAI EXPERT GUIDES Critical Care EDITED BY Stephan A. Mayer, MD, FCCM, FNCS Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery New York Medical College Director, Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology Westchester Medical Center Health Network Valhalla, NY, USA Janet M. Shapiro, MD, FCCP Professor of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Interim Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Mount Sinai Morningside New York, NY, USA Umesh K. Gidwani, MD, MS, FACC, FCCM, FCCP Associate Professor of Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Chief, Cardiac Critical Care Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute Director, Patient Safety and Quality Institute for Critical Care Medicine New York, NY, USA John M. Oropello, MD Professor of Surgery and Medicine Program Director, Critical Care Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiInstitute for Critical Care Medicine New York, NY, USA

3 Copyright Page

4 Contributors

5 Series Foreword

6 Preface

7 Abbreviations

8 About the Companion Website

9 PART 1: Basic Techniques and Procedures CHAPTER 1: Airway Management Functional anatomy of the upper airway Airway assessment Equipment Positioning Preoxygenation Bag and mask ventilation Laryngoscopy and confirmation of placement Difficult airway Extubation Complications of intubation Reading list CHAPTER 2: Sedation and Analgesia Clinical pharmacology Monitoring Medications for sedation and analgesia Reading list CHAPTER 3: Vascular Access Central venous access Arterial access Reading list Suggested websites CHAPTER 4: Bedside Ultrasound Indications Basic concepts Procedure Management/treatment algorithm Reading list Suggested websites CHAPTER 5: Bronchoscopy Introduction The bronchoscope Indications Pre‐procedure Bronchoscopy procedure Common complications Follow‐up Reading list CHAPTER 6: Bedside Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy Background Tracheostomy benefits (Table 6.1) Risk factors Selection of candidates for bedside PDT PDT procedure Follow‐up Reading list CHAPTER 7: Nutritional Support and Total Parenteral Nutrition Background Goals of nutrition in the critically ill Enteral nutrition Total parenteral nutrition Reading list CHAPTER 8: Glycemic Control Background Pathogenesis Risk factors for hyperglycemia Prevention of hyperglycemia Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Reading list Suggested websites Guidelines CHAPTER 9: Prevention of Complications Neurologic complications Cardiovascular complications Hematologic complications Gastrointestinal complications Renal complications Procedure‐related complications Infection control in ICU Reading list Suggested websites CHAPTER 10: Palliative Care Background Understanding palliative care Benefits Recommended model of palliative care in the ICU Devices and withdrawal of artificial life support Reading list

10 PART 2: Cardiovascular Critical Care CHAPTER 11: Hemodynamic Monitoring Arterial lines Advanced arterial hemodynamic monitoring Central lines Pulmonary artery catheter monitoring Echocardiography Reading list CHAPTER 12: Vasoactive Drugs Physiology Basic properties Indications Types of shock Selecting vasoactive therapy Vasoactive medications in focus Reading list CHAPTER 13: Mechanical Circulatory Support Overview of devices and indications Short‐term mechanical circulatory support devices Intermediate‐term mechanical circulatory support devices Durable (long‐term) mechanical circulatory support devices Reading list CHAPTER 14: Acute Hypertensive and Aortic Syndromes Background Prevention Diagnosis Special populations Prognosis Reading list Guidelines Evidence CHAPTER 15: Cardiac Arrhythmias Background Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Reading list Suggested websites Guidelines Evidence CHAPTER 16: Acute Coronary Syndromes Background Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Special populations Prognosis Reading list Suggested websites Guidelines Evidence CHAPTER 17: Heart Failure Management Background Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Reading list Suggested websites Guidelines Evidence CHAPTER 18: Shock Syndromes Background Diagnosis Treatment Special populations Prognosis Reading list Suggested websites Guidelines CHAPTER 19: Cardiac Arrest Background Prevention Diagnosis Advanced cardiac life support Cardiocerebral resuscitation Special populations Prognosis Reading list Guidelines

11 PART 3: Pulmonary Critical Care CHAPTER 20: Respiratory Monitoring Importance of respiratory monitoring Physical examination Impedance monitors Monitoring of oxygenation: pulse oximetry Monitoring of ventilation: capnography Arterial blood gases Lung mechanics on mechanical ventilation Monitoring respiratory muscle strength Imaging in respiratory monitoring Reading list CHAPTER 21: Mechanical Ventilatory Support Background Indications for invasive mechanical ventilation Commonly used terms Setting the ventilator Ventilator phases Modes of mechanical ventilation Troubleshooting the ventilator Disease‐oriented settings Cardiovascular effects of mechanical ventilation (heart–lung interactions) Complications and prevention Reading list CHAPTER 22: Non‐Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation Background Principles of action Indications and contraindications Basic terminology and settings Use of NPPV in disease states Predictors of success and failure of NPPV Guidelines for use Managing the patient on NPPV Reading list Evidence CHAPTER 23: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Background Pathology/pathogenesis Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Special populations Prognosis Reading list Guidelines Evidence CHAPTER 24: Bronchospasm and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Background Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Special populations Prognosis Reading list Guidelines CHAPTER 25: Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation Background Assessment of readiness to wean Maintaining homeostasis of the other systems Assessment of readiness for extubation Weaning protocols Extubation Managing the difficult to wean patient Reading list

12 PART 4: Neurologic Critical Care CHAPTER 26: Delirium Background Prevention Diagnosis Treatment and management Specific populations Prognosis Reading list Suggested websites Guidelines Evidence CHAPTER 27: Stroke Background Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Special populations Prognosis Reading list Suggested websites Guidelines Evidence CHAPTER 28: Neurotrauma Background Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Special populations Prognosis Reading list Suggested websites Guidelines Evidence CHAPTER 29: Status Epilepticus Background Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Special populations Prognosis Reading list Suggested websites Guidelines CHAPTER 30: Intracranial Pressure and Neuromonitoring Intracranial pressure monitoring Multimodality neuromonitoring Reading list CHAPTER 31: Coma and Brain Death Background Diagnosis Management of potential organ donors Special populations Reading list Suggested websites Guidelines CHAPTER 32: Toxicology and Drug Reactions Background Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Reading list Suggested websites Guidelines

13 PART 5: Surgical Critical Care CHAPTER 33: Gastrointestinal Bleeding Background Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Special populations Reading list Guidelines Evidence CHAPTER 34: Acute Abdomen and Abdominal Sepsis Background Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Special populations Prognosis Reading list Guidelines CHAPTER 35: Abdominal Compartment Syndrome Background Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Reading list Guidelines CHAPTER 36: Acute Mesenteric Ischemia Background Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Reading list Guidelines Evidence Image CHAPTER 37: Surgical Trauma Background Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Special populations Prognosis Reading list Suggested websites Evidence CHAPTER 38: Burns Background Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Special populations Prognosis Reading list Suggested websites Guidelines (H1) Evidence Images CHAPTER 39: Acute Hepatic Failure Background Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Reading list Guidelines Image CHAPTER 40: Abdominal Organ Transplantation Liver transplantation Kidney transplantation Pancreas transplantation Small bowel and multivisceral transplantation Reading list Images CHAPTER 41: Obstetric Emergencies Overview Critical care fundamentals of pregnancy Maternal cardiac arrest Post‐partum hemorrhage Peri‐partum cardiomyopathy Pulmonary embolic disease Pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia Reading list Guidelines