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EDITED BY

Stephan A. Mayer, MD, FCCM, FNCS

Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery

New York Medical College

Director, Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology

Westchester Medical Center Health Network

Valhalla, NY, USA

Janet M. Shapiro, MD, FCCP

Professor of Medicine

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Interim Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine

Mount Sinai Morningside

New York, NY, USA

Umesh K. Gidwani, MD, MS, FACC, FCCM, FCCP

Associate Professor of Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Chief, Cardiac Critical Care

Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute

Director, Patient Safety and Quality

Institute for Critical Care Medicine

New York, NY, USA

John M. Oropello, MD

Professor of Surgery and Medicine

Program Director, Critical Care Medicine

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiInstitute for Critical Care Medicine

New York, NY, USA

This edition first published 2021

© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Stephan A. Mayer, Janet M. Shapiro, Umesh K. Gidwani, and John M. Oropello to be identified as the author(s) of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Mayer, Stephan A., editor. | Shapiro, Janet M., editor. | Gidwani, Umesh K., editor. | Oropello, John M., editor.

Title: Critical care / edited by Stephan A. Mayer, Janet M. Shapiro, Umesh K. Gidwani, John M. Oropello.

Other titles: Critical care (Mayer) | Mount Sinai expert guides.

Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2021. | Series: Mount Sinai expert guides | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020030470 (print) | LCCN 2020030471 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119293262 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119293279 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119293309 (epub)

Subjects: MESH: Critical Care | Emergency Treatment | Handbook

Classification: LCC RC86.7 (print) | LCC RC86.7 (ebook) | NLM WX 39 | DDC 616.02/8‐‐dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020030470LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020030471

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © Raycat /Getty Images

Alexandra Adams, MDAssistant Professor of Medicine Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA