A Framework of Human Systems Engineering

The second section of the book provides a “deep dive” focus on specific domains. These chapters provide examples of HSE impacts in specific contexts. For example, Chapter 5looks at the Australian heavy rail industry and the use of sociotechnical modeling. The authors describe how integrating HF models with SE can be used to introduce new capabilities from an integrated organizational standpoint. Chapter 6focuses on the engineering life cycle for space exploration systems and the use of human‐centered programs to mitigate risk. The authors describe how HSE can play an important role throughout the SE phases to optimize total system performance. Chapter 7reviews the evolution of cockpit design based on the impact of evolving technologies the aerospace domain. The author describes how traditional human–computer interaction practices have given way to user experience “UX” and interaction design methodologies.

The next section, section three, focuses on training and skill sets with cross‐references to different domains. Chapter 8discusses the impact of generational differences of users on the design of training programs. The authors describe a socio‐cognitive framework that combines the social aspects, i.e. generational differences, with the cognitive aspects, such as neuropsychology, that allows researchers to assess the effectiveness of gamified learning interventions. Chapter 9investigates how training resiliency impacts readiness in the military domain. The authors identify basic workforce resilience measures that can be used to guide SE efforts to migrate to new training systems. Finally, Chapter 10describes research that evaluates the introduction of virtual and constructive technology into live air combat training systems. The authors use qualitative methods, influenced by cognitive engineering and action research, to iteratively identify, assess, and mitigate risks stemming from the change of training techniques.

Section four presents two chapters that focus on the intersection of the socio‐component and human characteristics. Chapter 11presents an approach to build trustworthy blockchain applications for large complex enterprises based on HSE principles. The methodology develops a human data integration and interaction methodology through establishing trust and security links. The authors illustrate their approach through an operational risk management example. Chapter 12offers a unique took at the impact of light technologies on organizational information. The author describes the association between the implicit properties of light on the four organizational principles of presence, power, knowledge, and harmony.

Finally, section five offers some observations “from the field.” Chapter 13provides a lighter note, offering an unedited account of some observations and suggestions for real‐time control room future designs. Chapter 14concludes the volume with a selection of research topics challenges compiled into several categories. The chapter author hopes that members of the scholastic community will contribute to the improvement of this first topology of challenges as well as the framework for HSE itself.

While many systems engineers understand that the human operator and maintainer are part of the system, they often lack the expertise or information needed to fully specify and incorporate human capabilities into the system design (INCOSE 2011). Human systems engineers are actively involved in the development of the system and ensure human‐centered principles are incorporated into design decisions. HSE provides methods for integrating human considerations with and across system elements to optimize human system performance and minimize total ownership costs.

The case studies in this volume provide insights into HSE efforts across different sociotechnical system types across a variety of domains. Currently, most of the existing sociotechnical system case studies are from the HSI perspective, i.e. working with users to improve the system usability and interfaces in deployed systems. The focus of this book, however, is from the SE viewpoint, encouraging early consideration of the human in the system design. While some of the chapters will overlap with the traditional HSI approaches, the goal of the book is to encourage systems engineers to think about the human component earlier in the system development. The chapters are organized and indexed by the framework; the book can be read in order to follow the progression across the framework, or Figure 1.2can be used to identify specific chapters of interest to the reader based on any one of the four dimensions. The goal of this book is to serve as a reference volume for HSE.

1 Bruseberg, A. (2009). The Human View Handbook for MODAF (Pt. 2, Technical Description). Somerset, UK: Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre.

2 DOA (2015). Soldier‐Materiel Systems Human Systems Integration in the System Acquisition Process. Department of the Army Regulation 602‐2. Washington, DC: DOA.

3 DOD (1988). Manpower, Personnel, Training, and Safety (MPTS) in the Defense System Acquisition Process. DoD Directive 5000.53. Washington, DC: DOD.

4 England, R. (2017). Human Factors for SE. INCOSE UK, Z12, Issue 1.0 (March 2017). http://incoseonline.org.uk/Groups/Human_Centric_Systems_Engineering_WG/Main.aspx(accessed 16 March 2020).

5 Handley, H. (2018). CFT by System Type and HSI Domain, Deliverable to Human Systems Integration (HSI) Tool Gap Analysis Report for Deputy Director. US Army Human Systems Integration.

6 Handley, H. (2019a). Human system engineering. In: The Human Viewpoint for System Architectures. Springer.

7 Handley, H. (2019b). A socio‐technical architecture. In: The Human Viewpoint for System Architectures. Springer.

8 IEA (2018). What Is Ergonomics? International Ergonomics Association. https://iea.cc/what‐is‐ergonomics(accessed 16 March 2020).

9 INCOSE (2011). Systems Engineering Handbook: A Guide for System Life Cycle Processes and Activities, 3.2e (ed. H. Cecilia). San Diego, CA: INCOSE.

10 ONR (1998). Human Engineering Process. Technical Report, SC‐21 S&T Manning Affordability Initiative. Washington, DC: Office of Naval Research.

11 SAE6906 (2019). Standard Practice for Human System Integration, SAW6906, 2019‐02‐08.

12 Smillie, R. (2019). Introduction to the human viewpoint. In: The Human Viewpoint for System Architectures (ed. H. Handley). Springer.

13 Taylor, A. (2016). The Human Systems Integration Workbench. White Paper PJF‐18‐425. US Army Materiel Command (AMC).

14 UK Defence Standardization (2015). Def Stan 00‐251 Human Factors Integration for Defence Systems, Public Comment Draft, Issue 1, Version 1.0 (September 2015).

Christian G. W. Schnedler1 and Michael Joy2

1 CISSP®, CSEP®, PMP®, and PSP®, IDEMIA National Security Solutions, New York, NY, USA

2 IDEMIA National Security Solutions, New York, NY, USA

The field of situational awareness (SA) arguably embodies the most urgent demand for human systems integration (HSI) as it encompasses the real‐time application of (increasingly machine‐assisted) human decision making in all‐too‐often life and death circumstances. Birthed in the maritime and military domains, SA concepts are now applied to fields as diverse as public safety and first responders, facility and border security, autonomous vehicles, and digital marketing. Common across these domains is the need to understand relevance within vast amounts of disparate data and present this information to human operators in an intuitive, timely, and conspicuous manner. To achieve these objectives, SA systems must disambiguate the definition of “relevant” by understanding the rules governing an operator's potential range of actions and the specific context of the operator receiving the information.