Smart Buildings, Smart Communities and Demand Response

5 Preface

6 Nomenclature

7 Begin Reading

8 Appendix

9 References

10 Index

11 End User License Agreement

1 v

2 iii

3 iv

4 ix

5 x

6 xi

7 xii

8 xiii

9 xv

10 xvi

11 xvii

12 xviii

13 xix

14 xx

15 1

16 2

17 3

18 4

19 5

20 6

21 7

22 8

23 9

24 10

25 11

26 12

27 13

28 14

29 15

30 16

31 17

32 18

33 19

34 20

35 21

36 22

37 23

38 24

39 25

40 26

41 27

42 28

43 29

44 30

45 31

46 32

47 33

48 34

49 35

50 37

51 38

52 39

53 40

54 41

55 42

56 43

57 44

58 45

59 46

60 47

61 48

62 49

63 50

64 51

65 52

66 53

67 54

68 55

69 56

70 57

71 58

72 59

73 60

74 61

75 62

76 63

77 64

78 65

79 66

80 67

81 68

82 69

83 70

84 71

85 72

86 73

87 74

88 75

89 76

90 77

91 78

92 79

93 80

94 81

95 82

96 83

97 84

98 85

99 86

100 87

101 88

102 89

103 90

104 91

105 92

106 93

107 95

108 96

109 97

110 98

111 99

112 100

113 101

114 102

115 103

116 104

117 105

118 106

119 107

120 108

121 109

122 110

123 111

124 112

125 113

126 114

127 115

128 116

129 117

130 118

131 119

132 120

133 121

134 122

135 123

136 124

137 125

138 126

139 127

140 128

141 129

142 130

143 131

144 132

145 133

146 134

147 135

148 136

149 137

150 138

151 139

152 140

153 141

154 143

155 144

156 145

157 147

158 148

159 149

160 150

161 151

162 152

163 153

164 154

165 155

166 156

167 157

168 158

169 159

170 160

171 161

172 162

173 163

174 164

175 165

176 167

177 168

178 169

179 170

180 171

181 172

182 173

183 174

184 175

185 176

186 177

187 178

Engineering, Energy and Architecture Set

coordinated by Lazaros E Mavromatidis

Volume 8

Edited by

Denia Kolokotsa Nikos Kampelis

First published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd

27-37 St George’s Road

London SW19 4EU

UK

www.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

111 River Street

Hoboken, NJ 07030

USA

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2020

The rights of Denia Kolokotsa and Nikos Kampelis to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2020945010

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-78630-426-1

Demand response (DR) is associated with significant environmental and economic benefits when looking at how the electricity grid can operate optimally. Adding flexibility in power consumption provides a sound basis for improving the grid’s environmental performance and efficiency. For example, reducing peak loads at grid level could lead to a lower level of operation for generation plants with a high running cost, low efficiency and low environmental performance. Furthermore, as the storage of electricity is bound to technical and economic constraints, the absorption of excess electricity from renewable energy sources is feasible through a demand following generation concept.

DR is gradually gaining ground with respect to (1) the reduction of peak loads; (2) grid balancing; and (3) dealing with the volatility of renewable energy sources (RES). In this context, demand side management techniques such as peak clipping, valley filling, load shifting and flexible load shape are already being employed. Also, various DR programs are being designed and implemented, including critical peak pricing, capacity bidding, thermostat/direct load control and fast DR dispatch/ancillary services.

In DR, the consumer becomes a prosumer with an important active role in the exchange of energy on an hourly basis. This transition calls for high environmental awareness and new tools and services which will improve the dynamic, as well as secure multidirectional exchange of energy and data. Overall, DR is identified as an important field for technological and market innovations aligned with climate change mitigation policies and the transition to sustainable smart grids in the foreseeable future.

This book provides an insight into various intrinsic aspects related to the assessment of DR potential, at the building and the community level. Issues pertaining to the use of building energy models, compared to actual performance, and smart monitoring are addressed. Furthermore, temperature set-point adjustment, which is a standard practice in controlling heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, is assessed with the aid of simulation, to investigate the optimality in multidynamic systems’ operation. On the other hand, the book focuses on load shifting optimization at the community level on the basis of time of use (ToU) and real-time pricing (RTP). The rationale behind this is that energy markets should be operated in a transparent manner inducing higher efficiency of power grids through the promotion of renewable energy. In this context, it is foreseen that a high penetration of RES, given their minimal operational expenses and environmental advantages, should be reflected in the time slots of low costs and consumer prices. In this way, all consumers will be provided with a clear roadmap and the necessary motivational factors in order to adjust our consumption when possible and take advantage of electric energy availability from clean resources.

This book focuses on near-zero energy buildings (NZEBs), smart communities and microgrids. Therefore, on one hand, it would be valuable for experts, professionals and postgraduates with an interest in (1) highly efficient buildings and communities; (2) smart monitoring systems; and (3) building energy modeling. On the other hand, the book would be beneficial for professionals with an interest in building or community level power predictions and optimization, as well as about how such tools and techniques can be utilized to evaluate DR at the building and/or district level.