Georgios E. Romanos - Advanced Laser Surgery in Dentistry

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Removal of calculus in vitro using a new laser with wavelength of...Figure 5.2 Calculus removal using the Er:YAG laser on an extracted tooth....Figure 5.3 Removal of the long junctional epithelium in ex vivo conditions i...Figure 5.4 Mean PPD over time and mean CAL over time. Clinical parameters af...Figure 5.5 Schematic illustration of the laser fiber movement within the poc...Figure 5.6 Schematic illustration of the periodontal wound healing after las...Figure 5.7 CO 2laser irradiation in the pocket as well as deepithelializatio...Figure 5.8 Schematic illustration of the laser tip within the pocket for rem...Figure 5.9 Removal of the oral epithelium after CO 2laser irradiation (a) us...Figure 5.10 Laser‐assisted guided tissue regeneration (LA‐GTR) for pocket re...Figure 5.11 Deep periodontal pocket of 7 mm (a), which was treated with this...Figure 5.12 Advanced gingiva hyperplasia caused by a hydantoin medication (a...Figure 5.13 Gingival hyperplasia associated with cyclosporin‐A (CyS‐A) and n...Figure 5.14 Periodontal nonsurgical therapy in a patient with stage 1 period...Figure 5.15 Donor site of a free keratinized gingival graft (a) and adequate...Figure 5.16 Pulsed diode laser 2 W for laser‐assisted SRP (a); noncontact di...Figure 5.17 Insufficient vestibule depth (a); frenectomy performed with a COFigure 5.18 Gingival tumor in a pregnant patient (a); the diode laser excise...Figure 5.19 Crown lengthening procedure (a) with the pulsed Nd:YAG laser (b)...Figure 5.20 Diastema in the anterior maxilla before treatment (a, b); soft t...Figure 5.21a and b Periodontal condition before treatment and probing of the...Figure 5.21c and d Probing and soft tissue coagulation after osseous reconto...Figure 5.21e Clinical outcome four months after surgery demonstrating excell...Figure 5.22a and b Pre‐op clinical condition (a) and marking of the exact le...Figure 5.22c and d Gingivectomy using the guide (c) and submarginal laser‐as...Figure 5.22e and f Gingival margin after gingivectomy (e); laser‐assisted os...Figure 5.22g Laser‐assisted frenectomy.Figure 5.22h Two‐month postoperative clinical photo.Figure 5.22i Six‐month postoperative clinical photo. An implant at #10 was p...Figure 5.23a and b Mandibular teeth pre‐op.Figure 5.23c and d Laser‐assisted gingivectomy using the guide.Figure 5.23e and f Laser‐assisted gingivectomy and osseous recontouring usin...Figure 5.23g and h Osseous recontouring using the Er:YAG laser tip and gingi...Figure 5.23i Probing depths of 3 mm establish proper supra‐crestal soft tiss...Figure 5.23j Final result 4 months after surgery.Figure 5.24 Pre‐op clinical condition (a); surgical guide determining the ex...Figure 5.25 Clinical periodontal condition before digital impression (a); th...Figure 5.26 Fractional photothermolysis using glass fiber of a 980 nm diode ...Figure 5.27 Diode laser‐assisted pocket debridement (a) and fractional photo...Figure 5.28a–f Preoperative clinical (a–c) and radiological condition (d) wi...Figure 5.28g and h Preoperative radiological condition (#9) with severe bone...Figure 5.28i and j Preoperative radiological condition (#10) with severe bon...Figure 5.29 Preoperative condition with severe attachment loss (a), with las...Figure 5.30a and b 8 mm initial probing depth on the mesial aspect of the ri...Figure 5.30c Cause‐related laser‐assisted nonsurgical periodontal therapy wa...Figure 5.30d and e Clinical aspect of the case at one year follow‐up recall ...Figure 5.30f and g At eight‐year follow‐up recall appointment, the probing r...Figure 5.30h and i Comparative clinical images one year (h) and eight years ...Figure 5.30j and k Comparative periapical radiographs, made at baseline (j) ...Figure 5.31a and b Clinical aspect pre‐ (a) and six years post‐ (b) from cau...Figure 5.31c and d Clinical aspect pre‐ (c) and six years post‐ (d) from cau...Figure 5.31e and f Comparative periapical radiographs taken at baseline (e) ...Figure 5.31g–i Cause‐related laser‐assisted nonsurgical periodontal therapy ...Figure 5.31j and k The treatment in each site takes 30 seconds, preceded and...Figure 5.32a Initial clinical aspect.Figure 5.32b Full mouth radiological status, executed immediately after the ...Figure 5.32c On the lingual appearance of the mandibular incisors, abundant ...Figure 5.32d At the first visit, the biometric periodontal indexes are colle...Figure 5.32e On the distal aspect of the mandibular right lateral incisor, a...Figure 5.32f The periodontal probe, kept oblique to the vertical axis of the...Figure 5.32g Clinical aspect of the case following comprehensive nonsurgical...Figure 5.32h With only one professional oral hygiene session, it was possibl...Figure 5.32i On the distal aspect of the right maxillary first molar, 7 mm p...Figure 5.32j In the periapical radiograph, a calculus spicola on the mesial ...Figure 5.32k Considering the probing depth ≥ 6mm, the use of a diode laser i...Figure 5.32l Nonsurgical periodontal instrumentation with universal curette ...Figure 5.32m Ultrasonic instrumentation (Combi, Mectron S.p.A., Ge, Italy) i...Figure 5.32n Etiological therapy essentially consists of two main phases: no...Figure 5.32o At a recall appointment, one year after the initial cause-relat...Figure 5.32p A periapical radiograph is taken to confirm a condition of clin...Figure 5.32q Initial periapical radiograph at the left maxillary molars. A l...Figure 5.32r The periodontal probe detects 7mm on the distal aspect of the l...Figure 5.32s Also, in this site, as in the contralateral site (see figure 5....Figure 5.32t Nonsurgical periodontal instrumentation remains absolutely esse...Figure 5.32u A universal curette (Universal curette ENACARE, Micerium, Avegn...Figure 5.32v Periapical radiograph of, taken one year after Figure 5‐32r rad...Figure 5.32w At a recall appointment one year after the cause‐related laser ...Figure 5.33 Advanced periodontal necrosis due to severe overheating using th...Figure 5.34 Effects of different laser wavelengths on the tissues.Figure 5.35 Laser wavelengths and tissue effects.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Scanning electron microscopic analysis of sandblasted implant sur...Figure 6.2 Extensive melting, porosity alterations, cracks, and ruptures of ...Figure 6.3 Morphological studies on implant surface analysis after laser irr...Figure 6.4 Lingual frenum, which does not allow optimal stability of the pro...Figure 6.5 Bacterial reduction after CO 2laser irradiation. Left slide: test...Figure 6.6 Bacterial growth after the CO 2laser irradiation presents reducti...Figure 6.7 Ligature‐induced peri‐implant defects in dog irradiated with the ...Figure 6.8 New bone formation in contact with the implant surface after CO 2...Figure 6.9 Soft tissue incision with a CO 2laser for implant uncovering; an ...Figure 6.10a Clinical condition of a submerged implant system before uncover...Figure 6.10b Second stage surgery with a focused beam of a CO 2laser (4 W, C...Figure 6.10c One week after implant uncovering presents an excellent peri‐im...Figure 6.11 Peri‐implant hyperplasia before surgery (a); using noncontact fo...Figure 6.12a Peri‐implant hyperplastic mucosa demonstrating difficulties in ...Figure 6.12b Removal of the peri‐implant hyperplastic tissues with a 980 nm ...Figure 6.13a Peri‐implant hyperplasia underneath a bar‐retained implant supp...Figure 6.13b Hyperplastic tissues before laser excision after removal of the...Figure 6.13c Excision and sufficient coagulation after CO 2laser irradiation...Figure 6.13d Two weeks postoperative clinical condition presents an improvem...Figure 6.14 Peri‐implant lesions in the area #19–21 after removal of the res...Figure 6.15 Peri‐implantitis diagnosed immediately before delivery of the fi...Figure 6.16 Advanced peri‐implant bony defect with symptoms of peri‐implanti...Figure 6.17 Peri‐implant bone loss associated with pain and suppuration (a);...Figure 6.18 Peri‐implant infrabony defects at #19–20 (a, b); meticulous degr...Figure 6.19 Advanced peri‐implant bony defect around splinted implants #13 a...Figure 6.20 Bar chart of means of coronal (continuous) by group over time.Figure 6.21 Bar chart of means of apical (continuous) by group over time.Figure 6.22 Bar chart of means of coronal (pulsed mode) by group over time....Figure 6.23 Bar chart of means of apical (pulsed mode) by group over time.Figure 6.24 Average temperature change at the coronal level (t = 30 seconds)...Figure 6.25 Average temperature change at the apical level (t = 30 seconds)....Figure 6.26 Average time to reach critical threshold (Δ10°C) in the coronal ...Figure 6.27 Measurement of heat transfer using noninitiated (a) and initiate...Figure 6.28 Experimental setting to evaluate temperature changes of implants...Figure 6.29 Temperature increase during laser irradiation of an implant with...Figure 6.30 Ossseointegrated blade implant removal using an Er:YAG laser (Ve...